Volumetric texture synthesis for non-photorealistic volume rendering of medical data

This paper presents a novel technique, called volumetric texture synthesis, for non-photorealistic volume rendering. It extends texture synthesis from 2D areas/3D surfaces to volumes. By selecting different texture samples, it allows for a wide variety of stylized rendering for the target volume. As a preprocessing step, volume data analysis is used to identify texture orientations for the volume. This is followed by volumetric texture synthesis, which generates 3D non-photorealistic textures along the identified texture orientations. Finally, standard volume rendering is applied to display the volume data decorated by the texture. Experimental results are provided in the paper.     

自适应分块细节水平的多分辨率体绘制方法

采用多分辨率体绘制医学数据时,一般使用相同的阈值或者细节水平生成纹理,很难处理大规模数据,为此提出一种多分辨率纹理生成方法.首先采用基于方差加权香农熵的自适应分块细节水平选择算法建立原始体数据的统一划分多分辨率表示;然后采用分块纹理重组操作,生成具有更高压缩率的体数据多分辨率压缩纹理.文中方法已在GPU上实现,而且实验结果对比表明,该方法既能得到较好的体数据压缩率,又能完成高质量的绘制.     

Modeling, animating, and rendering complex scenes using volumetrictextures

Complex repetitive scenes containing forests, foliage, grass, hair, or fur, are challenging for common modeling and rendering tools. The amount of data, the tediousness of modeling and animation tasks, and the cost of realistic rendering have caused such kind of scene to see only limited use even in high-end productions. The author describes how the use of volumetric textures is well suited to such scenes. These primitives can greatly simplify modeling and animation tasks. More importantly, they can be very efficiently rendered using ray tracing with few aliasing artifacts. The main idea, initially introduced by Kajiya and Kay (1989), is to represent a pattern of 3D geometry in a reference volume, that is tiled over an underlying surface much like a regular 2D texture. In our contribution, the mapping is independent of the mesh subdivision, the pattern can contain any kind of shape, and it is prefiltered at different scales as for MIP-mapping. Although the model encoding is volumetric, the rendering method differs greatly from traditional volume rendering. A volumetric texture only exists in the neighborhood of a surface, and the repeated instances (called texels) of the reference volume are spatially deformed. Furthermore, each voxel of the reference volume contains a key feature which controls the reflectance function that represents aggregate intravoxel geometry. This allows for ray tracing of highly complex scenes with very few aliasing artifacts, using a single ray per pixel (for the part of the scene using the volumetric texture representation). The major technical considerations of our method lie in the ray-path determination and in the specification of the reflectance function     

Hardware Assisted Fast Volume Rendering with Boundary Enhancement

In this paper,a new volume rendering method with boundary enhancement is presented.The boundary is extracted and represented by surfaces explicitly,Then,using 3D texture mapping and graphics acceleation hardware,the volume data can be rendered with controllable boundary shading effect almost in real time.Test shows that this method is 4-5 times faster than the previous methods.Moreover,it can also be extended to render the surfaces and the volumetric data together interactively.     

Shell radiance texture functions

The appearance of an inhomogeneous translucent material depends substantially on its volumetric variations and their effects upon subsurface scattering. For efficient rendering that accounts for both surface mesostructures and volumetric variations of such materials, shell texture functions have precomputed irradiance within a volume with respect to incoming illumination, but even with this irradiance data a fair amount of runtime computation is still required. Rather than precompute volume irradiance, we introduce the shell radiance texture function (SRTF), which relates incoming illumination more directly to outgoing surface radiance by representing a set of subsurface transport components from which surface radiance can be calculated without ray marching or runtime evaluation of dipole diffusion. Using this precomputed SRTF information, inhomogeneous objects can be rendered in real time with distant local lighting or global lighting.     

3DIVE: An Immersive Environment for Interactive Volume Data Exploration

This paper describes an immersive system,called 3DIVE,for interactive volume data visualization and exploration inside the CAVE virtual environment.Combining interactive volume rendering and virtual reality provides a netural immersive environment for volumetric data visualization.More advanced data exploration operations,such as object level data manipulation,simulation and analysis ,are supported in 3DIVE by several new techniques,In particular,volume primitives and texture regions ae used for the rendering,manipulation,and collision detection of volumetric objects;and the region-based rendering pipeline is integrated with 3D image filters to provide an image-based mechanism for interactive transfer function design.The system has been recently released as public domain software for CAVE/ImmersaDesk users,and is currently being actively used by various scientific and biomedical visualization projects.     

Real-Time Volume Deformations

Real-time free-form deformation tools are primarily based on surface or particle representations to allow for interactive modification and fast rendering of complex models. The efficient handling of volumetric representations, however, is still a challenge and has not yet been addressed sufficiently. Volumetric models, on the other hand, form an important class of representation in many applications. In this paper we present a novel approach to the real-time deformation of scalar volume data sets taking advantage of hardware supported 3D texture mapping. In a prototype implementation a modeling environment has been designed that allows for interactive manipulation of arbitrary parts of volumetric objects. In this way, any desired shape can be modeled and used subsequently in various applications. The underlying algorithms have wide applicability and can be exploited effectively for volume morphing and medical data processing.     

基于GPU的实时光线投射算法

介绍了一种基于GPU（可编程图形处理单元）的快速实时光线投射算法。为满足大规模体数据集的绘制要求,利用当前GPU的新特性,直接将体数据作为纹理载入显存,采用预积分分类方法在GPU中对体数据进行重采样和分类,避免了计算机主内存与GPU纹理内存之间数据交换的瓶颈问题;利用硬件支持的三维纹理和片元着色器,实时计算每个体素的梯度,实现高质量的光照,保证高质量的图像绘制效果。实验结果表明该方法在医学三维数据场可视化中,能够实时、高效地生成高质量的交互式体可视化图像。     

Interactive Volume Rendering with Dynamic Ambient Occlusion and Color Bleeding

We propose a method for rendering volumetric data sets at interactive frame rates while supporting dynamic ambient occlusion as well as an approximation to color bleeding. In contrast to ambient occlusion approaches for polygonal data, techniques for volumetric data sets have to face additional challenges, since by changing rendering parameters, such as the transfer function or the thresholding, the structure of the data set and thus the light interactions may vary drastically. Therefore, during a preprocessing step which is independent of the rendering parameters we capture light interactions for all combinations of structures extractable from a volumetric data set. In order to compute the light interactions between the different structures, we combine this preprocessed information during rendering based on the rendering parameters defined interactively by the user. Thus our method supports interactive exploration of a volumetric data set but still gives the user control over the most important rendering parameters. For instance, if the user alters the transfer function to extract different structures from a volumetric data set the light interactions between the extracted structures are captured in the rendering while still allowing interactive frame rates. Compared to known local illumination models for volume rendering our method does not introduce any substantial rendering overhead and can be integrated easily into existing volume rendering applications. In this paper we will explain our approach, discuss the implications for interactive volume rendering and present the achieved results.     

基于纹理映射和GPU的焦点区域体绘制

利用图形硬件的纹理映射和可编程GPU功能,高效实现基于焦点区域的体绘制.使用模板缓存检测机制把体数据标记为3个不同的区域,然后对标记区域使用基于纹理映射的方法分别绘制;同时使用基于GPU方法实现了周围区域的体轮廓绘制以及体绘制中多个转换函数的指定过程.文中方法使得体绘制系统实现容易、可扩展性好.