基于改进的主动轮廓模型及光流估计的标记线跟踪

在心脏核磁共振图像分析中，标记线的跟踪是心肌运动分析及3维运动重建的重要步骤。为了提高心脏标记线跟踪的准确性，首先使用改进的基于动力学方程的主动轮廓模型来对标记线进行跟踪，并根据标记线的特点，引入了3种弹性势能，然后采用了新的内能函数，并使用新的方法来产生图像势能，由于改变了原模型中轮廓线初始速度为零的假设，并引入了光流估计作为轮廓的初始速度，从而提高了跟踪结果的准确性。对多序列心脏收缩期核磁共振图像的实验结果表明，该算法可以获得较好的跟踪效果。     

柔性臂漂浮基空间机器人建模与轨迹跟踪控制

利用拉格朗日法和假设模态方法建立了末端柔性的两臂漂浮基空间机器人的非线性动力学方程．通过坐标变换,推导出一种新的以可测关节角为变量的全局动态模型，并在此基础上运用基于模型的非线性解耦反馈控制方法得到关节相对转角与柔性臂的弹性变形部分解耦形式控制方程．最后，讨论了柔性臂漂浮基空间机器人的轨迹跟踪问题，并通过仿真实例计算,表明该模型转换及控制方法对于柔性臂漂浮基空间机器人末端轨迹跟踪控制的有效性．     

一种模糊算法及其在多假设多目标跟踪中的应用

研究了基于模糊交互式多模型算法解决多假设多目标跟踪中的新目标数据相关问题。使用模糊交互式多模型算法处理新目标的数据相关问题,能够提高跟踪精度、时间效率。用隶属度表示每个模型与所跟踪新目标的隶属关系,根据隶属度选择最佳的模型对新目标进行跟踪。仿真结果表明,该方法不仅能够处理新目标的数据相关,同时又能够提高算法的时间效率。     

基于跟踪微分器的广义通用模型控制器研究

广义通用模型控制方法是一般模型控制方法的改进，适用于相对阶大于1的被控对象。为克服广义通用模型控制方法要求被控对象状态完全可观测的不足，基于跟踪微分器可以跟踪输入信号，同时估计输入信号微分的特点，将跟踪微分器与广义通用模型控制器相结合，利用跟踪微分器的信号跟踪和微分估计能力，将输出及其微分进行反馈，克服了广义通用模型控制器要求被控对象状态完全可观的局限性。针对相对阶为2的被控对象，仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

机动目标跟踪的一种自适应“当前”模型

针对单个模型跟踪机动目标的性能不够理想、多模型方法最优模型集设计困难且算法较复杂的问题．基于“当前”模型，从目标与跟踪雷达的相对角运动出发，提出一种能适应多类飞行器的自适应跟踪单模型，并给出了优化估计目标与雷达的相对角运动及距离运动的算法．仿真结果表明．该自适应单模型跟踪性能稳定，远优于“当前”模型，对于强机动飞行的目标，其跟踪性能要优于交互多模型方法（IMM），而且其计算量要低于IMM．     

空间柔性双臂机器人的神经网络协调控制

基于对机器人闭链系统运动特性的分析,采用假设模态法及拉格朗日方程建立了自由浮动空间柔性双臂机器人协调操作刚性负载闭链系统的动力学模型,然后采用基于小脑模型的模糊神经网络与非线性PD并行控制的方法对该动力学模型进行轨迹跟踪,并对内力采用积分控制;通过仿真实验比较,该方法比一般的非线性PD控制,在跟踪误差、抗干扰性、鲁棒性方面,都有很大的改善.     

高斯混合交互式多模型容积信息滤波算法

针对机动目标跟踪中由于目标机动使系统的非线性强度增大,导致系统的线性误差增大和跟踪精度明显下降、甚至发散的问题,提出了基于高斯混合的交互式多模型容积信息滤波（ GMIMM-CIF）算法,实现对机动目标的精确跟踪。新算法在每次输入交互之后,保留概率较大的几个假设,并利用一个高斯混合项替换最优多模型算法中剩余的假设,从而使算法中假设的数量保持恒定;用容积信息滤波器（ CIF）代替传统的非线性滤波器,通过估计信息状态向量和信息矩阵而不是估计状态向量和协方差,可以减小系统的非线性误差。通过仿真对比实验,验证了该算法可以提高机动目标的跟踪精度。     

基于模型的软件成本估计方法

准确的估计是进行有效的项目计划、跟踪和控制的基础.基于模型的成本估计方法是软件成本估计研究的重点,它可分为算法驱动式模型、数据驱动式模型以及复合式模型.依照该分类模式,介绍了典型的软件成本估计方法,并从内部属性及外部评价两个维度共计11个指标对每类方法的假设前提、适用范围、优势及局限性进行深入的分析.最后,对软件成本估计研究的未来发展进行探讨.     

基于结构多假设目标跟踪算法优化与仿真

研究雷达跟踪目标性能优化问题,传统多假设算法计算量大、实时性较差,无法应用于实际雷达装备。为解决上述问题,提出一种结构化分枝的多假设目标跟踪算法,同时提出限制最大航迹数量、删除负分航迹、低等级航迹处理、滑动窗口多维分配法、多扫分配法及交互多模型多假设跟踪算法等一系列改进方法,并通过计算机仿真证明改进后的结构化分枝的多假设目标跟踪算法比传统多假设算法及联合概率数据互联算法计算量更小,精度更高,并对改善当前舰载雷达跟踪性能,提高对目标的跟踪能力具有一定的指导意义。     

基于EKF的机动目标跟踪算法的研究

假设一种机动目标运动:目标的速度大小不变,方向一直对准观测站.比较Singer模型和常速度(CV)模型,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)算法对目标进行跟踪.仿真结果表明,在这种机动目标跟踪中,采用Singer模型比CV模型具有较快的收敛速度,而采用CV模型比Singer模型具有较高的跟踪精度.     

Motion Control of a Nonholonomic Mobile Manipulator in Task Space

In this paper, the motion control of a mobile manipulator subjected to nonholonomic constraints is investigated. The control objective is to design a computed‐torque controller based on the coupled dynamics of the mobile manipulator. The proposed controller achieves the capability of simultaneous tracking of a reference velocity for the mobile base and a reference trajectory for the end‐effector. The aforementioned reference velocity and trajectory are defined in the task space, such task setting imitates the actual working conditions of a mobile manipulator and thus makes the control problem practical. To solve this tracking problem, a steering velocity is firstly designed based on the first‐order kinematic model of the nonholonomic mobile base via dynamic feedback linearization. The main merit of the proposed steering velocity design is that it directly utilizes the reference velocity set in the task space without requiring the knowledge of a reference orientation. A torque controller is subsequently developed based on a proposed Lyapunov function which explicitly considers the coupled dynamics of the mobile manipulator to ensure the mobile base and end‐effector track the reference velocity and trajectory respectively. This proposed computed‐torque controller is able to realize asymptotic stability of both the base velocity tracking error and the end‐effector motion tracking error. Simulations are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.     

Robust adaptive neural network control for environmental boundary tracking by mobile robots

The paper addresses the problem of environmental boundary tracking for the nonholonomic mobile robot with uncertain dynamics and external disturbances. To do environmental boundary tracking, a reference velocity is designed for the nonholonomic mobile robot. In this paper, a radial basis function neural network (NN) is used to approximate a nonlinear function containing the uncertain model terms and the elements of the Hessian matrix of the environmental concentration function. Then, the NN approximator is combined with a robust control to construct a robust adaptive NN control for the mobile robot to track the desired environment boundary. It is proved that the tracking error can be guaranteed to converge to zero in the ultimate. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the stability of the robust adaptive control. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

带有未知参数和有界干扰的移动机器人轨迹跟踪控

针对模型参数未知和存在有界干扰的非完整移动机器人的轨迹跟踪控制问题,本文提出了一种鲁棒自适应轨迹跟踪控制器方法.非完整移动机器人的控制难点在于它的运动学系统是欠驱动的.针对这一难点,本文利用横截函数的思想,引入新的辅助控制器,使得非完整移动机器人系统不再是一个欠驱动系统,缩减了控制器设计的难度,进而利用非线性自适应算法和参数映射方法构造李雅谱诺夫函数.通过李雅普诺夫方法设计控制器和参数自适应器,从而使得非完整移动机器人的跟随误差任意小,即可以任意小的误差来跟随任意给定的参考轨迹.仿真结果证明了方法的有效性.     

基于模糊CMAC的移动机器人轨迹跟踪控制

针对受非完整约束的移动机器人的轨迹跟踪问题,提出了一种基于模糊CMAC的轨迹跟踪控制策略。该策略利用模糊CMAC神经网络逼近移动机器人动力学模型的非线性和不确定,同时与速度误差结合起来构成力矩控制器,并用滑模项来补偿不确定性扰动对系统的影响。李亚普诺夫稳定性定理保证了系统的稳定性和跟踪误差的渐近收敛,仿真结果进一步验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Dynamic Modeling and Tracking Control of a Nonholonomic Wheeled Mobile Manipulator with Dual Arms

This paper presents methodologies for dynamic modeling and trajectory tracking of a nonholonomic wheeled mobile manipulator (WMM) with dual arms. The complete dynamic model of such a manipulator is easily established using the Lagrange’s equation and MATHEMATICA. The structural properties of the overall system along with its subsystems are also well investigated and then exploited in further controller synthesis. The derived model is shown valid by reducing it to agree well with the mobile platform model. In order to solve the path tracking control problem of the wheeled mobile manipulator, a novel kinematic control scheme is proposed to deal with the nonholonomic constraints. With the backstepping technique and the filtered-error method, the nonlinear tracking control laws for the mobile manipulator system are constructed based on the Lyapunov stability theory. The proposed control scheme not only achieves simultaneous trajectory and velocity tracking, but also compensates for the dynamic interactions caused by the motions of the mobile platform and the two onboard manipulators. Simulation results are performed to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed control strategy.     

基于输出反馈的非完整链式系统跟踪控制研究

针对非完整链式系统设计了基于输出反馈的全局跟踪控制律. 首先, 利用时变坐标变换和非自治系统的级联控制方法构造了状态观测器;然后对于时变坐标变换以后的误差系统继续利用非自治系统的级联控制方法设计了输出跟踪控制律. 区别于已有文献对于非完整链式系统跟踪控制问题的研究, 设计得到的输出跟踪控制律放松了参考轨迹所必需满足的不趋于零条件或持续激励条件. 结论表明在非完整链式系统跟踪控制问题 的研究中, 参考轨迹所必须满足的不趋于零的条件或者持续激励条件是不必要的. 最后的仿真结果验证了所给控制方法的有效性.     

Robust finite-time tracking control of nonholonomic mobile robots without velocity measurements

The problem of robust finite-time trajectory tracking of nonholonomic mobile robots with unmeasurable velocities is studied. The contributions of the paper are that: first, in the case that the angular velocity of the mobile robot is unmeasurable, a composite controller including the observer-based partial state feedback control and the disturbance feed-forward compensation is designed, which guarantees that the tracking errors converge to zero in finite time. Second, if the linear velocity as well as the angular velocity of mobile robot is unmeasurable, with a stronger constraint, the finite-time trajectory tracking control of nonholonomic mobile robot is also addressed. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control laws is demonstrated by simulation.     

基于模糊控制的移动机器人视觉反馈跟踪

探讨视觉空间下非完整移动机器人的跟踪问题。在不校准摄像机视觉参数的前提下,提出一种利用视觉反馈信息设计非完整移动机器人轨迹跟踪的模糊控制方法。其模糊控制使用Mamdani推理机,包含if-then规则和重心法,对线速度和角速度进行控制。仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

具有未知视觉参数的非完整移动机器人的自适应动态反馈跟踪控制

基于视觉反馈和标准链式形式,研究了一类不确定非完整移动机器人的轨迹跟踪控制问题.首先,利用针孔摄像机模型,提出了一种新的基于视觉伺服的移动机器人运动学跟踪误差模型.基于这个模型,在具有不确定视觉参数的情形下,利用back-stepping技术,设计出了一种新的自适应动态反馈跟踪控制器,实现了全局渐近的轨迹跟踪,并通过李亚普诺夫方法严格证明了闭环系统的稳定性和估计参数的有界性.仿真结果证明了所提出的控制器的有效性.     

Leader–follower formation control of nonholonomic mobile robots based on a bioinspired neurodynamic based approach

This paper investigates the leader–follower formation control problem for nonholonomic mobile robots based on a bioinspired neurodynamics based approach. The trajectory tracking control for a single nonholonomic mobile robot is extended to the formation control for multiple nonholonomic mobile robots based on the backstepping technique, in which the follower can track its real-time leader by the proposed kinematic controller. An auxiliary angular velocity control law is proposed to guarantee the global asymptotic stability of the followers and to further guarantee the local asymptotic stability of the entire formation. Also a bioinspired neurodynamics based approach is further developed to solve the impractical velocity jumps problem. The rigorous proofs are given by using Lyapunov theory. Simulations are also given to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical results.