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手术机器人应用于脊柱手术中,辅助医生完成脊柱手术中钉道定位、钻钉道等操作,有助于降低医生工作强度,保证了手术操作的精确性、稳定性和安全性.文章针对椎弓根钉内固定术,设计研制了脊柱手术辅机器人系统RSSS-Ⅱ.首先,从脊柱手术的临床需求出发,充分考虑术中安全性、手术区域覆盖范围、患者术中摆位以及对机器人占地空间等多方面因素,设计六自由度串联式手术机械臂以及力反馈钻骨装置.其次,以椎弓根钉内固定术中准确定位为目的,对机器人导航定位所涉及的关键技术展开研究,构建了图像导航定位系统.最后,通过精度测试实验和离体样本骨实验,对关键技术及系统的精度、安全性等进行原理性验证.实验结果显示,脊柱手术机器人系统RSSS-Ⅱ能满足手术对精度的要求. 相似文献
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针对手术机器人微器械的力检测问题,搭建了3自由度微器械的等效实验平台.基于柔索驱动微器械关节完整的动力学模型设计了驱动关节综合阻力模型,并根据实验结果进行了BP (反向传播)神经网络模型的数据拟合,给出综合阻力神经网络模型.最后根据驱动单元综合阻力的变化提出了一种夹持力估计策略,并通过连续加载和阶梯加载实验验证了夹持力检测方法的性能.实验结果显示,夹持力检测的最大绝对误差可以达到0.24 N,在稳定阶段夹持力检测的精度可以达到90%左右.该方法可以成为实现手术机器人微器械力反馈的基础. 相似文献
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针对医疗场合导航引导下的手术机器人定位精度检测问题,提出了基于三坐标测量机的机器人位姿距离精度测量方法。该方法通过放置在一个平面上的三个标准球来实现三坐标测量机对姿态精度的测量,并参照机器人辅助外科手术系统的定位原理构建基于三坐标测量机的机器人位姿检测平台。在此基础上,依据国家标准规定的机器人性能检测方法和过程,完成机器人位姿距离精度的测量。通过该方法对研发的骨科手术定位机器人进行测量的结果表明,所设计机器人位置距离准确度和重复性分别在[10-1]mm和[10-2]mm级别,姿态距离准确度和重复性分别在[10-1]度和[10-2]度级别。最后将该机器人应用于前交叉韧带重建手术实验,结果表明通过这种方法检测的机器人能够满足手术场合要求。 相似文献
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《机器人》2017,(5)
为了消除或减轻载人航天中失重引起的宇航员空间适应性综合症并满足太空中宇航员体育锻炼的需要,利用自行开发的模块化柔索驱动单元搭建了深蹲训练机器人,并设计了其控制系统从而辅助宇航员在太空中开展深蹲训练.首先,分析了人体深蹲训练机理,确定了机器人总体结构方案;其次,设计了机器人力伺服控制策略,包括柔索牵引力规划环节、横向力补偿环节及单柔索被动式力控制器的建立;最后,为了验证机器人训练效果,开展了单柔索力控制实验以及人机深蹲训练实验.单柔索力控实验中,多余力的抑制效果达到50%以上.在200 N下进行深蹲实验,系统加载力标准偏差为7.52 N,动态精度在90.2%以上.实验结果表明该机器人构型合理且占用空间小,控制系统稳定,加载精度较高,能够辅助宇航员在太空飞行中开展深蹲训练. 相似文献
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由于当前扎针机器人定位参数存在误差,导致扎针成功率低,造成患者要忍受多次痛苦的问题,设计了一种扎针机器人控制系统。该系统由机械臂部分、上位机控制系统、高清激光图像采集系统、和信号传感器等部分组成,主要硬件部分选用DHT01型医用高清镜头、PCI8814图像采集卡、和性能更强的ATMEGA32L型单片机,保障采集图片的清晰度和对机械臂的控制精度。在图像序列处理算法上计算多帧图像的相似度,使用FAST算子提取图像的特征点,并基于关键帧优化图像序列的拓扑关系,实现目标位置的准确定位。实验结果表明,提出扎针机器人系统设计在3个轴向的偏差度平均值分别为0.0449、0.0383、和0.0387,趋近于理论上的中心位置,扎针一次成功率可以达到94.50%。 相似文献
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Rong Wen Wei-Liang Tay Binh P. Nguyen Chin-Boon Chng Chee-Kong Chui 《Computer methods and programs in biomedicine》2014
Radiofrequency (RF) ablation is a good alternative to hepatic resection for treatment of liver tumors. However, accurate needle insertion requires precise hand-eye coordination and is also affected by the difficulty of RF needle navigation. This paper proposes a cooperative surgical robot system, guided by hand gestures and supported by an augmented reality (AR)-based surgical field, for robot-assisted percutaneous treatment. It establishes a robot-assisted natural AR guidance mechanism that incorporates the advantages of the following three aspects: AR visual guidance information, surgeon's experiences and accuracy of robotic surgery. A projector-based AR environment is directly overlaid on a patient to display preoperative and intraoperative information, while a mobile surgical robot system implements specified RF needle insertion plans. Natural hand gestures are used as an intuitive and robust method to interact with both the AR system and surgical robot. The proposed system was evaluated on a mannequin model. Experimental results demonstrated that hand gesture guidance was able to effectively guide the surgical robot, and the robot-assisted implementation was found to improve the accuracy of needle insertion. This human–robot cooperative mechanism is a promising approach for precise transcutaneous ablation therapy. 相似文献
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This paper presents a robotic system for steering under real-time fluoroscopic guidance a flexible needle in soft tissue. Given a target and possible obstacle locations, the computer calculates the flexible needle-tip trajectory that avoids the obstacle and hits the target. Using an inverse kinematics algorithm, the needle base maneuvers required for a tip to follow this trajectory are calculated, enabling a robot to perform controlled needle insertion. Assuming small displacements, the flexible needle is modeled as a linear beam supported by virtual springs, where the stiffness coefficients of the springs can vary along the needle. Using this simplified model, the forward and inverse kinematics of the needle are solved analytically, enabling both path planning and path correction in real time. The needle shape is detected in real time from fluoroscopic images, and the controller commands the needle base motion that minimizes the needle tip error. This approach was verified experimentally using a robot to maneuver the base of a flexible needle inserted into a muscle tissue. Along the 40-mm trajectory that avoids the obstacle and hits the target, the error stayed below the 0.5-mm level. This study demonstrates the ability to perform closed-loop control and steering of a flexible needle by maneuvering the needle base so that its tip achieves a planned trajectory. 相似文献
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超声引导微波消融治疗肝癌技术是一种微创手术,和传统的手术相比,具有安全、无毒副作用、灭活效果好等优点。但目前在二维超声图像引导下存在微波天线定位不准确,对医生技术与经验依赖强的问题,影响了治疗效果。本文针对上述问题开发了一套基于超声引导的用于微波消融治疗肝癌的机器人系统,该系统主要有超声影响导航、穿刺机器人和空间定位装置三个模块组成。通过该系统,医生术前可以三维重建出肿瘤区域,进行术前穿刺针路径的规划,模拟出所需微波热场的大小。术中,通过肝脏内的血管将术前的肝肿瘤模型和术中的病人实体内的肝肿瘤相匹配。通过机器人系统可以准确地将穿刺针送入到指定的病灶位置进行微波消融。实验证明该系统的精度满足微波消融治疗肝癌的需求,该系统有效地提高超声引导微波消融治疗肝癌的治疗效果。 相似文献
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为了避免机器人遥操作过程中,机器人与环境物体不必要的碰撞,以及解决"运动-等待"现象影响机器人系统安全性和效率的问题,提出了基于人工势场生成动态安全预警域的算法.该算法根据等势面原理生成的预警域既可以实时地检测机器人与环境物体的距离,又可以根据机器人的速度和加速度划定一个相对安全的区域,避免机器人在下一时刻因为速度过快与环境物体发生碰撞.最后搭建遥操作实验平台,进行了机器人在预警算法的辅助下快速抓取目标的实验.实验证明,该算法可有效提高远程机器人遥操作的安全性和效率. 相似文献
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The tip asymmetry of a bevel-tip needle results in the needle naturally bending when it is inserted into soft tissue. This enables robotic needle steering, which can be used in medical procedures to reach subsurface targets inaccessible by straight-line trajectories. However, accurate path planning and control of needle steering requires models of needle-tissue interaction. Previous kinematic models required empirical observations of each needle and tissue combination in order to fit model parameters. This study describes a mechanics-based model of robotic needle steering, which can be used to predict needle behavior and optimize system design based on fundamental mechanical and geometrical properties of the needle and tissue. We first present an analytical model for the loads developed at the tip, based on the geometry of the bevel edge and material properties of soft-tissue simulants (gels). We then present a mechanics-based model that calculates the deflection of a bevel-tipped needle inserted through a soft elastic medium. The model design is guided by microscopic observations of needle-gel interactions. The energy-based formulation incorporates tissue-specific parameters, and the geometry and material properties of the needle. Simulation results follow similar trends (deflection and radius of curvature) to those observed in experimental studies of robotic needle insertion. 相似文献
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