TiO2-PTFE复合薄膜表征及血液相容性研究

利用阳极氧化的方法，通过在改变电解液的成分分别制备了利用TiO2表面和PTFE-TiO2复合薄膜表面．利用X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等手段检测薄膜的表面结构、成分和微观形貌等，利用躺滴法测定薄膜表面与水的接触角．通过钛、氧化钛、复合表面在微观结构、组成和形貌的不同和血小板黏附实验的结果，探讨不同组成、结构的材料表面在血液相容性上的差异，最终得出复合薄膜在血液相容性上有了较大改善的结论。     

氧分压对动态离子束辅助沉积合成的氧化钛膜的影响

采用离子束增强沉积的方法,改变氧分压,在硅基体表面制备出了不同组分及不同取向的 氧化钛薄膜。采用 XRD,掠角衍射以及 XPS分析方法对薄膜的成分、结构和取向进行了分析,并 通过 RBS分析计算出了薄膜的 O/Ti比。实验结果发现,所制备的氧化钛薄膜为具有一定择优取 向的多晶膜,薄膜内 TiO、 Ti2O3和 TiO2共同存在。当氧分压低于 8.4× 10-4 Pa时,氧化钛薄膜的 成分以 TiO为主,且 TiO的取向随氧分压的增加从（ 220）向（ 031）转变,氧分压对薄膜取向的影响 较大。当氧分压高于 8.6× 10-4 Pa时,氧化钛薄膜的成分以具有（ 100）择优取向的金红石型 TiO2 为主,含有少量其他结构的 TiO2和低价 Ti,其成分及取向相对较为稳定,对氧分压的变化不敏感。     

FBAR用AlN薄膜的射频反应溅射制备研究

采用射频反应磁控溅射法，制备了用于薄膜体声波谐振器的（002）取向的氮化铝薄膜。氮化铝薄膜为（002）取向为主混合少量（103）取向。氮化铝薄膜生长模式表面二维均匀成核再沿C轴堆垛生长。基片温度明显影响薄膜的取向，获得好的（002）取向的基片温度在380℃～400℃之间。不同的氮气分压比存在金属模式、过渡模式和氮化物模式，要进入稳定的氮化物模式。氮气分压比为0．3～0．4，氮气分压比高有利于（002）取向。射频馈入功率密度影响到成膜速率，且与氮气分压关联，较合适的值为12W／cm^2～15W／cm^2。     

射频磁控溅射法制备Al2(WO4)3薄膜和负热膨胀性能研究

采用WO3和Al2O3陶瓷靶材,以双靶交替射频磁控溅射法,在石英基片上沉积制备了Al2（WO4）3薄膜。利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）,研究了退火温度对Al2（WO4）3薄膜的相组成和表面形貌的影响,采用表面粗糙轮廓仪和划痕仪测量薄膜厚度,探索了薄膜的制备工艺以及薄膜与基片的结合力,采用高温X射线衍射和晶胞参数指标化软件,初步研究了薄膜热膨胀特性。实验结果表明：磁控溅射沉积制备的这种薄膜为非晶态,表面平滑、致密,随着热处理温度的升高,薄膜开始结晶且膜层颗粒增大,在950℃热处理10min后得到Al2（WO4）3薄膜,薄膜与基片的结合力为13．6N,薄膜物质热膨胀特性呈各向异性。     

二氧化铈对准晶真空蒸镀薄膜的影响

采用DMD-450真空镀膜仪将Al65Cu20Fe15准晶粉末沉积在Q235钢表面制备薄膜。研究了二氧化铈对薄膜的组织和结构的影响。采用透射电镜（TEM）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）等分析了薄膜的组织结构和表面形貌。利用纳米压痕仪（MTS）测试了薄膜的显微硬度和弹性模量。结果表明：通过准晶粉末真空蒸镀可以形成准晶薄膜。其组成相有CuAl2，A1Cu3 and I（Al65Cu20Fe15）相等。薄膜的成分取决于制备工艺。二氧化铈对薄膜的结构没有产生明显的影响。但是薄膜的显微硬度和弹性模量随二氧化铈添加量的增加而提高。当二氧化铈添加量为5％（质量分数）时，薄膜的显微硬度达到9．0GPa，弹性模量最高达到190GPa。此外，二氧化铈的添加明显增加了薄膜的耐蚀性能。     

硒源温度对CIGS薄膜结构和形貌的影响

采用中频交流磁控溅射方法，在Mo层上沉积了CuInGa（CIG）预制膜，采用固态硒化法制备获得了Cu（In1-xGax）Se2（CIGS）吸收层薄膜，考察了硒源温度对CIGS薄膜结构和形貌的影响。采用SEM和EDS观察和分析了薄膜的表面形貌和成分，采用XRD表征了薄膜的组织结构。结果表明，在不同的硒源温度下制备的CIGS薄膜，均为黄铜矿相结构，薄膜具有（112）面的择优取向。当硒源温度为575℃、580℃和585℃时，CIGS薄膜表面结构疏松，多孔隙；当硒源温度为590℃、595℃和600℃时，CIGS薄膜结构致密，表面平整。当硒源温度为600℃时，Cu、In和Ga原子含量处于制备弱P型CIGS吸收层薄膜的理想范围。     

空心阴极制备α—CNx：H薄膜的结构及力学性能研究

以CH4和N2为反应气体，采用空心阴极放电激发的等离子体增强化学气相沉积法在Si片上制备出了氢化非晶碳氮（α—CNx：H）薄膜。利用原子力显微镜（AFM）对薄膜的表面光洁度及表面形貌进行了测量和表征。利用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、傅立叶红外吸收谱（FTIR）和纳米压入（nano—indentation）等测试手段分析了薄膜的成分、结构及力学性能。结果表明：薄膜的表面光滑、致密，表面光洁度〈1nm。薄膜的最大N含量达到了26．39％（原子分数），对应的N／C为0．41。XPS和FTIR分析表明：薄膜中的C、N原子是通过C—N、C=N、C≡N结合的，同时存在一定量的-CHx和-NHx基团。另外，我们发现薄膜的硬度及弹性模量随N2／CH4比的增加而增加，并且主要受微观结构（C—N／C≡N比）的影响。     

MOCVD方法制备In2O3薄膜的性质研究

用金属有机化学气相淀积（MOCVD）方法以三甲基铟为源材料，以O2为氧化气体，在蓝宝石衬底（0001）面上生长出了高质量的立方相In2O3薄膜。研究了In2O3薄膜的结构、表面形貌和光电性质。结果表明制备样品具有In2O3体心立方结构和（222）方向择优取向生长，电阻率～6．40×10^-3Ω·cm，在可见光区域的平均透过率达到了90％以上。     

离子束溅射沉积Co纳米薄膜表面特征AFM、XPS分析

采用离子束溅射沉积法，在单晶Si基片上制备了不同厚度（1nm-100nm）的Co纳米薄膜。利用原子力显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪对不同厚度的Co纳米薄膜的表面进行了分析和研究。结果表明：当薄膜厚度为1nm～10nm时，沉积颗粒形态随着薄膜厚度的增加将由二维生长的细长胞状过渡到多个颗粒聚集成的球状；当膜厚继续增加，小颗粒球消失，集结成大颗粒球，颗粒球呈现三维生长状态；表面粗糙度随着膜厚（膜厚为1nm～10nm）的增大，呈现先增加后减小的趋势，在膜厚为3nm时出现极值。通过XPS全程宽扫描和窄扫描，薄膜表面的元素成分为Co：主要以金属Co和Co氧化物的形式存在。     

室温下高速沉积AZO薄膜的研究

在室温下，采用射频磁控溅射技术以较大的功率密度（7W／cm^2）沉积了一系列掺铝氧化锌（AZO）透明导电薄膜，探索了溅射压强对沉积速率及薄膜性能的影响。结果表明，当工作压强为2．OPa时，高速（67nm／min）沉积得到的薄膜的电阻率为2．63×10^-3Ω·cm，可见光平均透过率为83％，并且在薄膜表面有一定的织构。     

Laser Action from a 2,6,8-Position Trisubstituted 1,3,5,7-Tetramethylpyrromethene-BF(2) Complex: Part 3

Some laser action properties of a new Pyrromethene-BF(2) complex, 1, 3, 5, 7-tetramethyl-8-ethyl-2, 6-dicyanopyrromethene-BF(2) complex are reported. This laser dye exhibits laser action in the green-yellow portion of the spectrum, and its laser action efficiency was ~350% higher compared with Coumarin 545. Exceptional photostability of the new laser dye was observed when a mixture of 1, 4-dioxane:heptane ratio of 1:4 was used as the solvent. Further, it is suggested that dye lasers can be upscaled to high average power output when surface-emitting laser diode arrays are used as pump (excitation) sources.     

The Influence of Water-soluble Polymers and pH on Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Complexation of Drugs

The effect of water-soluble polymers and ionization of the drug molecules on the cyclodextrin, mainly 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), solubilization of drugs was investigated. HPβCD has significant solubilizing effect on acetazolamide, prazepam, and sulfamethoxazole in aqueous solutions. All three polymers tested-i.e., hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and carboxymethylcellulose-increase the solubilizing effect of HPβCD. The polymers increase the solubilization by increasing the apparent stability constant (K_c of the drug-HPβCD complex. Thus, addition of 0.10% (w/v) HPMC to the aqueous complexation medium results in a 56% increase in K, for the acetazolamide-HPβCD complex and a 200% increase in K_c for the prazepam-HPβCD complex. Addition of 0.25% (w/v) PVP to the complexation medium results in a 138% increase in K for the sulfamethoxazole-HPβCD complex. The HPβCD solubilization of the drugs can also be improved by ionization of the drug molecule through pH adjustments. However, larger improvements of the HPβCD solubilization are obtained when both methods are used simultaneously compared to when either method is used separately.     

3-D FDTD simulation of shear waves for evaluation of complex modulus imaging

The Navier equation describing shear wave propagation in 3-D viscoelastic media is solved numerically with a finite differences time domain (FDTD) method. Solutions are formed in terms of transverse scatterer velocity waves and then verified via comparison to measured wave fields in heterogeneous hydrogel phantoms. The numerical algorithm is used as a tool to study the effects on complex shear modulus estimation from wave propagation in heterogeneous viscoelastic media. We used an algebraic Helmholtz inversion (AHI) technique to solve for the complex shear modulus from simulated and experimental velocity data acquired in 2-D and 3-D. Although 3-D velocity estimates are required in general, there are object geometries for which 2-D inversions provide accurate estimations of the material properties. Through simulations and experiments, we explored artifacts generated in elastic and dynamic-viscous shear modulus images related to the shear wavelength and average viscosity.     

The dimension splitting and improved complex variable element‐free Galerkin method for 3‐dimensional transient heat conduction problems

In this paper, by combining the dimension splitting method and the improved complex variable element‐free Galerkin method, the dimension splitting and improved complex variable element‐free Galerkin (DS‐ICVEFG) method is presented for 3‐dimensional (3D) transient heat conduction problems. Using the dimension splitting method, a 3D transient heat conduction problem is translated into a series of 2‐dimensional ones, which can be solved with the improved complex variable element‐free Galerkin (ICVEFG) method. In the ICVEFG method for each 2‐dimensional problem, the improved complex variable moving least‐square approximation is used to obtain the shape functions, and the penalty method is used to apply the essential boundary conditions. Finite difference method is used in the 1‐dimensional direction, and the Galerkin weak form of 3D transient heat conduction problem is used to obtain the final discretized equations. Then, the DS‐ICVEFG method for 3D transient heat conduction problems is presented. Four numerical examples are given to show that the new method has higher computational precision and efficiency.     

Direct Fused Deposition Modeling 4D Printing and Programming of Thermoresponsive Shape Memory Polymers with Autonomous 2D-to-3D Shape Transformations

Herein, direct 4D printing of thermoresponsive shape memory polymers (SMPs) by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method that enables programing of 2D objects during printing for autonomous 2D-to-3D shape transformations via simply heating is focused on. The programming process during printing is investigated through designs and experiments. The capability of programming SMPs during printing is illustrated by prestrain and bending capabilities, which are highly related to printing settings, such as nozzle temperature, print speed, layer height, infill patterns, and ratio of active parts in a bilayer structure. A nearly linear relationship for prestrain and bending parameters is experimentally revealed for different printing factors. Quantitative results are presented to be used as a guidance for designing complex 3D structures via 4D printing of 2D structures. Helix structure, twisting structure, DNA-like structures, and functional gripper are designed to demonstrate the potential of direct FDM 4D printing for creating complex 3D structures from simple 2D structures with advantages over traditional manufacturing methods. It is shown that, by removing the need for a layer-by-layer stacking process to achieve a complex 3D shape, FDM can promote sustainability via 4D printing of autonomous 2D-to-3D shape transformer structures with lower materials, time, energy, and longer service life.     

A facile solution-phase approach to the synthesis of luminescent europium methacrylate nanowires and their thermal conversion into europium oxide nanotubes

Novel one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures of rare earth complexes (europium methacrylate (Eu(MA)(3))) have been prepared from the precursor of irregularly shaped Eu(MA)(3) powder in ethanol solvent without the assistance of an added surfactant, catalyst, or template. These hexagonal-shaped complex nanowires have diameters of about 100-300?nm and lengths ranging from tens to hundreds of micrometers. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) show that the precursor powder and the resulting nanowires have identical compositions. Under UV light excitation, strong red fluorescence can be clearly seen throughout the whole wires. This good luminescence characteristic of the complex nanowires is further confirmed by the fluorescence spectrum where strong and narrow emission can be seen. These rare earth complex nanowires provide a useful source for 1D rare earth oxide materials, as the europium ions are distributed uniformly in the Eu(MA)(3) nanowires. Through calcination, the Eu(MA)(3) nanowires are successfully converted into Eu(2)O(3) nanotubes. X-ray investigation confirms that the Eu(2)O(3) nanotubes have a cubic body-centered structure. FTIR measurements and TGA analysis are used to follow the calcination process. A plausible mechanism responsible for the formation of Eu(2)O(3) nanotubes is presented.     

Free vibration analysis of reinforced thin-walled plates and shells through various finite element models

Abstract

This article deals with free vibration analysis of thin-walled structures reinforced by longitudinal stiffeners using refined one-dimensional (1D) models.The 1D theory, which is used in the present article, has hierarchical features and it is based on the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF). The displacement field over the cross section is obtained by means of Taylor (TE) or Lagrange (LE) expansions. Finite element (FE) method is applied along the beam axis to obtain weak form solutions of the related governing equations. The obtained results are compared with those from classical finite element formulations based on plate and shell (2D), beam (1D), and solid (3D) elements that are available in commercial software. When solid formulation is used to build the FE solutions, stringers and skin are modeled with only 3D elements while, in the 2D-1D FE models, shell and beam elements are used for skin and stringers, respectively. Three benchmark problems are analyzed: a flat plate, a curved panel, and a thin-walled cylinder. When TE models are used, different orders of expansion, N, are considered, where N is a free parameter of the formulation. As far as Lagrange expansions are concerned, four-node (LE 4) and nine-node (LE 9) elements are used to build different meshes on the cross section. The results show that the present 1D models are able to analyze the dynamic behavior of complex structures and can detect 3D effects as well as very complex shell-like modes typical of thin-walled structures. Moreover, the 1D-CUF elements yield accurate results with a low number of degrees of freedom.     

Complex permittivity measurements of ferroelectrics employing composite dielectric resonator technique

Composite cylindrical TE(0n1) mode dielectric resonator has been used for the complex permittivity measurements of ferroelectrics at frequency about 8.8 GHz. Rigorous equations have been derived that allowed us to find a relationship between measured resonance frequency and Q-factor and the complex permittivity. It has been shown that the choice of appropriate diameter of a sample together with rigorous complex angular frequency analysis allows precise measurements of various ferroelectric. Proposed technique can be used for materials having both real and imaginary part of permittivity as large as a few thousand. Variable temperature measurements were performed on a PbMg(1/3)Nb(2/3)O3 (PMN) ceramic sample, and the measured complex permittivity have shown good agreement with the results of measurements obtained on the same sample at lower frequencies (0.1-1.8 GHz).     

Modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by plasma treatment and further use as templates for growth of CdS nanocrystals

In this study, we present a novel method for preparing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) grafted with a poly(2-methacrylic acid 3-(bis-carboxymethylamino)-2-hydroxy-propyl ester) (GMA-IDA)-cadmium sulfide complex (CNTs-G-ICdS complex) through plasma-induced grafting polymerization. The characteristics of the MWCNTs after being grafted with the GMA-IDA polymer were monitored by a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscope. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) shows that the amount of GMA-IDA grafted onto the MWCNTs increases with the concentration of GMA-IDA monomer. The complex resulting from GMA-IDA polymer grafting onto the MWCNTs, CNTs-G-I (15%), shows excellent dispersion properties in aqueous solution and has high Zeta potential values over a wide range of pH values, from 2 to 12. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm the successful chemical modification of MWCNTs through the plasma treatment. The chelating groups, -N(CH(2)COO(-))(2) in the GMA-IDA polymer grafted on the surface of the CNTs-G-I, are the coordination sites for chelating cadmium ions, and are further used as nano-templates for the growth of CdS nanocrystals (quantum dots). Moreover, TEM microscopy reveals that the size of the CdS nanocrystals on the CNT surfaces increases with increasing S(2-) concentration. In addition, high resolution x-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy was used to characterize the functional groups on the surface of the MWCNTs after chemical modification by the plasma treatment and grafting with GMA-IDA polymer.     

Solid freeform fabrication of piezoelectric sensors and actuators

The last two decades have witnessed the proliferation piezoelectric composite transducers for an array of sensor and actuator applications. In this article, a concise summary of the major methods used in composite making, with special emphasis on Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF), is provided. Fused Deposition of Ceramics (FDC) and Sanders Prototyping (SP) are two SFF techniques that have been utilized to make a variety of novel piezocomposites with connectivity patterns including (1-3), (3-2), (3-1), (2-2) and (3-3). The FDC technique has also been used to prototype a number of actuators such as tube arrays, spiral, oval, telescoping, and monomorph multi-material bending actuators. It has been demonstrated that SFF technology is a viable option for fabricating piezocomposite sensors and actuators with intricate geometry, unorthodox internal architecture, and complex symmetry. The salient aspects of processing of such composite sensors and actuators are summarized, and structure-processing-property relations are elaborated on.