Al-Mg合金的晶界内耗

研究了退火、淬火状态下 Al-Mg 合金的晶界内耗。实验表明,随 Mg 含量的增加,晶界内耗峰的峰宽和弛豫强度单调下降,峰位开始移向高温,后又移向低温;高温淬火处理能压低 Al-2.4wt-%Mg的晶界峰,但对其它低 Mg 含量试样不敏感,一定温度的保温能使压低的晶界峰回升。     

非晶态PdCuSi的内耗和DSC研究

用葛摆测量了ａ－ＰｄＣｕＳｉ合金的内耗－温度曲线，证明在该合金的Ｔｇ和Ｔｘ温度附近有两个内耗峰Ｐ１和Ｐ２．Ｐ２峰是与非晶晶化有关的内耗峰，而Ｐ１峰可能是弛豫型的内耗峰．分析了倒扭摆和Ｃｏｌｌｅｔｔｅ摆的灵敏度，阐述了这两种摆不适用于测量ａ—ＰｄＣｕＳｉ类合金的内耗峰．     

非晶态PdCuSi的内耗和DCS研究

用葛摆测量了ａ－ＰｄＣｕＳｉ合金的内耗－温度曲线，证明在该合金的Ｔｇ和Ｔｘ温度附近有两个内耗峰Ｐ１和Ｐ２．Ｐ２峰是与非晶晶化有关的内耗峰，而Ｐ１峰可能是弛豫型的内耗峰，分析了倒扭摆和Ｃｏｌｌｅｔｔｅ摆的灵敏度，阐述了这责任中摆不适用于测量ａ－ＰｄＣｕＳｉ类合金的内耗峰。     

RE对Mg-8Zn-4Al-0.3Mn镁合金阻尼性能的影响

研究了 RE对Mg-8Zn-4Al-0.3Mn镁合金阻尼性能的影响.研究表明,加入RE后降低了合金低温下的阻尼性能,但明显提高了其在高温下(≥120℃)的阻尼性能.高温下,加入1.0%RE的合金表现出了最高的阻尼性能.由于高温下合金中相界面的软化及粘性滑动,四种合金在高温下均存在一个温度内耗峰,只是出现的温度不同.RE的加入推迟了温度内耗峰出现的温度.分析认为,加入RE后合金的阻尼机制主要是位错机制和界面机制.可动位错密度越高,晶粒越细,晶界和相界越多,阻尼性能越好.     

恒速拉伸过程中纯 Cu 晶界内耗峰的变化

研究了纯 Cu 晶界内耗峰和模量弛豫在不同温度下恒速拉伸形变过程中的变化。考查了以下四种晶界弛豫参量的变化:(a)峰温,(b)峰高,(c)激活能,(d)模量弛豫强度。所得结果表明:在形变过程中晶界强度是变化着的,并且这种变化与断裂类型有密切关系。本文进一步肯定并扩展了我们以前在蠕变方面的工作。     

纳米铝晶界内耗峰的连续变温研究

采用低温球磨结合热压烧结技术制备了块体纳米铝晶体材料,在多功能内耗仪上采用受迫振动连续变温(25～450℃)的方式测量了纳米铝材料在低频率(0.2～3.0Hz)条件下的内耗和相对动力学模量。结果表明,纳米铝晶体材料受迫振动时,在升温和降温的内耗-温度谱上均出现一个内耗峰;伴随着内耗峰的出现,相对动力学模量明显下降;随着离散振动频率的增加,内耗峰峰位向高温方向移动,说明该内耗峰具有弛豫性;根据Arrhenius关系,得到该内耗峰的激活能为(2.21±0.04)×10-19 J、指数前因子τ0为10-14 s,表明该内耗峰是晶界内耗峰,其机制为铝原子在铝/铝晶界的自扩散。     

CaCu3Ti4O12中的晶界弛豫

研究了CaCu3Ti4O12在低温低频下的内耗曲线特征,发现金属中来源于晶界的内耗规律也适合CaCu3Ti4O12材料.测量了晶界弛豫激活能的大小和不同温度下该材料的特征弛豫时间.与常温的情况相比,低温下CaCu3Ti4O12的特征弛豫时间明显增加.分析表明:这种弛豫时间的增加来源于在畴区上极化弛豫的动态慢化效应.     

Al-Sn 合金中两个不同类型的内耗峰

Al-Sn 合金多晶样品中,在传统晶界峰的高温侧发现了两个不同类型的内耗峰(记作 P_1,P_2峰),它们在单晶中均消失,因而与晶界相关。P1与晶界峰有消长关系,对时效和退火温度敏感,仅在降温过程中出现,是过程峰,存在于 Al-0.008wt-%Sn 和 Al-0.0135wt-%Sn 多晶试样中;P_2与晶粒尺寸和样品尺寸相关,是稳定的内耗峰,存在于 Al-0.067wt-%Sn 和 Al-0.136wt-%Sn 多晶试样中。P_1,P_2峰分别来源于被Sn 原子非平衡偏聚的细晶界和含有 Al-Sn 沉淀粒子的粗晶界。     

Sc、Zr对Al-Mg-Mn合金再结晶行为及内耗性能的影响

为了研究微量Sc、Zr在Al-Mg-Mn合金中的作用,采用铸锭冶金方法制备了Al-6.0Mg-0.5Mn-(Sc、Zr)合金,通过光学显微镜、显微硬度、透射电镜组织观察和低频扭摆法测量内耗方法研究了微量Sc、Zr对Al-6.0Mg-0.5Mn的组织、再结晶行为及内耗性能的影响.研究表明:添加质量分数为0.21%Sc和0.15%Zr可显著细化Al-6.0Mg-0.5Mn合金铸态组织;粒状Al3Sc1-xZrx相对位错、晶界有强烈钉扎作用,抑制合金再结晶;冷变形后的Al-6.0Mg-0.5Mn-0.21Sc-0.15Zr合金的内耗表现出非线性特征,频率越低或温度越高,合金内耗Q-1越大.在频率为1Hz、应变振幅为4.6×10-5下,冷变形Al-6.0Mg-0.5Mn-0.21Sc-0.15Zr合金升温Q-1-T曲线上在326℃时产生内耗峰,该峰可由Al3Sc1-xZrx沉淀粒子与位错脱钉机制解释.微量Sc、Zr可以细化Al-Mg-Mn合金组织,抑制合金的再结晶,导致合金在升温Q-1-T曲线上产生内耗峰.     

铸造镁硅合金组织和阻尼性能研究

利用动态机械热分析仪研究了四种镁硅合金的阻尼性能.研究表明:铸造镁硅合金具有良好的阻尼性能.并且体现出有别于纯镁的新阻尼特征,铸造镁硅合金具有较纯镁在更大应变振幅范围内的弛豫型内耗.由于Mg2 Si对晶界的钉扎作用,界面阻尼峰出现在较纯镁更高的温度.少量钙的添加改善了Mg2 Si析出的形态,但对阻尼性能的影响似乎不明显.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。