即时顾客化定制的基本问题探讨

从生产方式变革的原因和实践出发,探讨了即时顾客化定制这一新的生产方式出现的必然性,分析了即时顾客化定制与其他生产方式的联系和区别,建立了实现产品即时交付模型,探讨了实行即时顾客化定制的新问题和赢得负时间的途径,提出了实施即时顾客化定制的策略.     

购买流程客制化对在线零售品牌信任影响路径

通过相关文献回顾和对在线购买顾客的实际调查,提出了线上线下不同购买流程阶段的客制化应当包括信息交互客制化、交易客制化和履行客制化,并实证考察了购买流程客制化通过顾客感知控制对品牌信任的影响机理.对433份问卷数据的结构方程模型分析表明,信息交互客制化、交易客制化、线下履行客制化显著正向影响顾客对购买流程的感知控制;购买流程客制化通过感知控制的中介作用,影响顾客对在线零售商的品牌信任.明确了在线零售商线上线下购买流程的相互关系,并提出了通过购买流程客制化获取顾客品牌信任的策略建议.     

基于缩短供应链响应周期的运作模式研究

通过分析总结推动式和拉动式供应链的特点及对用户需求响应时间的变化，阐明基于延迟策略的推-拉结合式供应链的综合优势，提出利用延迟和压缩提前期的方法缩短供应链的响应周期；论述了对于不同生产类型企业为缩短响应时间可以采取不同的供应链运作模式；构建了基于延迟策略的模块化供应链模型，描述了该模型的运作流程以及实施中应注意的问题。     

大批量定制:未来制造业的主流生产方式

大批量定制生产方式能快速和低成本地向顾客提供个性化和定制化产品，因此正在成为制造业的主流生产模式，不同的行业以往的生产方式是不同的，但它们的发展方向却是相似的，有的是从过去的大批量生产模式转向大批量定制生产模式，如汽车工业和家电工业；有的是从过去的定制生产模式转向大批量定制生产模式，如船舶工业和工业汽轮机行业；有的是从过去的批量生产模式转向大批量定制生产模式，如机床工业和航空工业，当然，不同行业采用的大批量定制的深度是不同的。     

大规模定制下消费者购买意愿及影响因素研究

以消费偏好认知度和顾客感知价值作为中介变量,以消费者的消费经验和企业对顾客需求的响应能力作为调节变量,研究了大规模定制企业生产行为、消费者的定制购买行为与消费者对定制型产品的购买意愿之间的关系。研究结果表明:顾客参与度和企业声誉对消费者的定制型产品购买意愿具有显著的正向影响。同时,消费偏好认知度和顾客感知价值在顾客参与度与企业声誉对消费者的定制型产品购买意愿影响关系中起中介作用。此外,消费经验和企业响应能力在顾客参与度与企业声誉对消费者的定制型产品购买意愿影响关系中起调节作用。     

IC供应链的理论模型及其竞争优势分析的研究

企业竞争和经营环境的变化,促使竞争模式转移到基于时间的竞争。应用现代先进的企业管理思想——“零时间”,本文提出了即时顾客化定制供应链的概念与其拓扑结构。应用系统工程理论和方法,建立了其理论模型。接着分析了其特征,以及把它与传统供应链、敏捷供应链做了比较分析。最后,分析了其竞争优势,并提出了组成其竞争优势的方法。     

大规模定制战略及我国企业的对策

大规模定制是一种基于顾客价值创新的战略思维，它是将大规模生产与定制生产有机统一，规模经济与范围经济有机统一，成本、产品歧异性和速度有机统一的组合竞争战略。本文认为实施大规模定制战略取决于产品需求状况、企业大规模定制能力、供应链及竞争对手的策略；大规模定制被认为是21世纪的主流生产方式和竞争焦点，我国企业应努力通过提高大规模定制能力来增强竞争力。     

考虑订单合批批量的在线制造商承诺交货期决策研究

承诺交货期策略即向所有顾客承诺一致的交货时间是在线制造商最常用的基于时间的竞争策略。制造商通过调整运营参数来改变交货时间以实现向顾客承诺的交货期。基于运营批量对生产提前期的影响,本文构建了考虑订单合批批量的承诺交货期决策模型,分析了各种参数对生产提前期与运输提前期决策的影响。研究表明,库存成本、单位产品的加工时间、顾客需求的价格敏感性和时间敏感性系数等参数对于在线制造商的生产提前期和运输提前期决策往往具有不同的影响。最后本文的算例验证了研究的结论。     

J-M决策权配置模型修正及其应用

通过引入时间成本,对以信息成本和代理成本权衡来确定最优决策点的J—M（詹森和麦克林）决策权配置模型进行了修正。通过敏感性分析,探讨了各参数变化对决策权配置的影响。通过运用J—M决策权配置修正模型分别解释与大批量生产（MP）和大批量定制（MC）相适应的决策权配置结构,进一步预见了即时顾客化定制下（IC）决策权配置表现为水平网络结构。     

钢铁企业采购物流流程再造及案例分析

介绍了作业成本法的基本原理、分析步骤和分析标准,针对某钢铁企业传统的采购物流流程中存在的问题,运用ABC法(作业成本法)对该企业实施了采购物流流程再造,并对采购提前期、供应链的柔性、鲁棒性robust、采购成本进行了绩效评价分析.从而达到优化采购运作模式、降低成本、提高绩效、满足顾客需求,最终提升钢铁企业的核心竞争力.     

Operational tactics and tenets of a new manufacturing paradigm ‘instant customerisation’

An increasing trend towards a new manufacturing paradigm of ‘instant customerisation’ is occurring due to customers demanding their orders for customised products or services be fulfilled under zero customer lead time and at a price near the price of mass production. By means of the manufacturing paradigm innovation model (MPIM), the operational tactics, operational tenets, and an operational framework of instant customerisation are elicited and described. An important new tactic within all the operational tactics is finalise-to-individual demand forecasting, meaning end products are finalised according to the forecasting of individual customer's needs. The knowledge and information, which is the primary input of individual demand forecasting, is gleaned and understood by total customer participation and value fusion. Total customer participation and value fusion are developed through customer participation and customer relationship management, which have critical distinctions. The operational framework, which is termed manufacturing paradigm tree of instant customerisation, can characterise the operational tenets, the relationships between different operational tactics and the objectives, and the relationships among different operational tactics. With the proposed framework, instant customerisation can be understood more effectively and holistically.     

大规模定制模式下定制程度的优选分析

大规模定制运用于生产时,定制程度可作为功能的个性化程度.从制造设计的角度来看,定制化产品的类设计参数与类功能需求间存在映射关系,而类功能需求可由定制程度予以表达后进行加权评分;从顾客认可和销售利润来看,顾客对定制化产品的认可可借以顾客满意度来反应,如果针对具体的产品,顾客满意度和产品销售利润均可找到以定制程度为变量的拟合函数.因此,在追求类功能需求评分、顾客满意度和利润函数值尽可能高的目的下,可以求出定制程度的最优解.     

实施客户化大生产的管理运作基础

简要介绍了客户化大生产的产生过程,在分析客户化大生产内涵的基础上定义了客户化大生产的概念,概括出户化大生产的3个本质特征为产品的个性化、较低的变异成本和快速的响应市场需求,指出生产中实现“大规模、大范围、大联合”是实施客户化大生产的管理运作基础,并对其进行了深入研究。     

A review of mass customization across marketing, engineering and distribution domains toward development of a process framework

Introduced nearly 25 years ago, the paradigm of mass customization (MC) has largely not lived up to its promise. Despite great strides in information technology, engineering design practice and manufacturing production, the necessary process innovations that can produce products and systems with sufficient customization and economic efficiency have yet to be found in wide application. In this paper, the state-of-the-art in MC is explored in the context of an envisioned MC development process for both the firm and the customer. Specifically, 130 references are reviewed within the process frameworks (Sect. 3) and/or to highlight opportunities for future development in MC (Sect. 4) based on the review. This review yields opportunities in four primary areas that challenge MC development: (1) customer needs and preference assessment tools, (2) approaches for requirement specification and conceptual design, (3) insights from methodologies focused on the development of durable MC goods and (4) enhancements in information mapping and handling.     

Implications of form postponement to manufacturing: a case study

Postponement is an approach that helps to deliver more responsive supply chains. Form postponement involves the delay of final manufacturing until a customer order is received and is commonly regarded as an approach to mass customization. However, while much is written in the literature about the benefits and strategic impact of form postponement, little is still known about its application. This paper addresses how form postponement was applied in terms of its operational implications within a manufacturing facility through a retrospective study that tracked implementation of form postponement in a manufacturer of specialist high-voltage cabling equipment, called here ‘ElectriCo’. The operational measures for products selected for form postponement were compared with those for products that continued to be made under make-to-order and make-to-stock regimes. Propositions were tested that addressed the operational implications of form postponement within the manufacturing facility, the impact of form postponement on selected performance metrics, and the demand profile for which form postponement was the preferred regime. Multiple data collection methods were used whereby documentary, archival and database evidence were used to measure operational characteristics across a broad front. The findings show that form postponement improved responsiveness but did not necessarily improve delivery reliability. The extent to which the order lead time can be reduced is dependent not only on the responsiveness of the postponed process, but also crucially on the responsiveness of the planning system. It was found that the problem of adapting the manufacturing planning and production scheduling systems at ElectriCo had been underestimated. This and other problems subsequently undermined the form postponement application and led to its eventual abandonment. The authors are undertaking further research of form postponement applications in different production contexts to provide further evidence for its operational implications.     

关于产品批量化定制的思考

区分了完全定制和批量化定制的概念,澄清了笼统的定制概念在产品功能设计和制作成本上的混乱局面,指出完全定制和批量化定制在产品设计与生产组织方式上均有本质的区别,批量化定制通过减小客户工程,同时扩大标准件和容易实现定制的零件比例来降低成本,从而使产品有较大变化时,其成本基本保持不变或仅有小幅增长,还分析了影响批量化定制产品成本的因素,为控制成本提供了依据。     

Fuzzy scheduling of a build-to-order supply chain

The overwhelming majority of the literature in the area of supply chain planning and scheduling considers the traditional make-to-stock (MTS) environment. However, manufacturers of assembled products such as cars, computers, furniture, etc. adopt the build-to-order supply chain (BOSC) to become agile in a mass customization process in order to meet diversified customer requirements. In this paper we propose an integrated production–distribution planning model for a multi-echelon, multi-plant and multi-product supply chain operating in a build-to-order (BTO) environment. The uncertainties associated with estimation of the various operational cost parameters are represented by fuzzy numbers. The BOSC scheduling model is thus constructed as a mixed-integer fuzzy programming (MIFP) problem with the goal of reducing the overall operating costs related to component fabrication, procurement, assembling, inspection, logistics and inventory, while improving customer satisfaction by allowing product customization and meeting delivery promise dates at each market outlet. An efficient compromise solution approach by transforming the problem into an auxiliary multi-objective linear programming model is also suggested.     

云环境下大规模定制中资源配置研究

针对传统大规模定制生产模式无法满足日益个性化的产品市场变化,导致产品无法形成生产批量,在生产过程中增加成本和时间的问题,结合云制造的背景环境,提出云环境下大规模定制产品的生产模式,并通过建立包含生产总时间、生产总成本和产品总质量的多目标优化函数模型,使用NSGA-Ⅱ算法对所建模型进行求解,对模式运行中的资源配置问题进行研究。最后通过航模发动机进行算例验证,证明所建模型可以得到解决云环境下大规模定制产品生产过程中资源优化配置问题的最优生产方案。     

基于RIR-MOO的定制产品优化设计方法研究

大规模定制是未来产品制造的发展方向,以低成本快速响应客户的个性化需求是定制产品设计的关键。以往对定制产品设计的研究缺少从个性化需求到产品参数的流程化设计指导方法,无法从定制产品个性化的客户需求出发,快速地关联设计目标并指导产品参数的设计。为此,提出了基于RIR-MOO （relative importance ratings and multi-objective optimization,相对重要性等级-多目标优化）的定制产品优化设计方法,从客户需求出发,将关键需求映射到相关的设计目标,再通过多目标优化（multi-objective optimization,MOO）方法快速求解产品参数,实现定制产品的快速响应和优化设计。首先,针对模糊、动态变化的客户需求,利用加权区间粗糙集分析方法对客户需求进行客观分析,排除争议性大的模糊需求,同时计算不同客户需求的相对权重,得到其相对重要性等级（relative importance ratings,RIR）;然后,提出一种基于转换矩阵的客户需求与设计目标关联的方法,根据关键需求与设计目标的关联度以及关键需求的RIR,对关键需求与设计目标进行匹配,实现关键需求到设计目标的转换;最后,基于MOO方法对设计目标对应的产品参数进行优化设计,实现约束条件下定制产品的多目标优化。以汽车发动机活塞机构优化设计为例,对基于RIR-MOO的优化设计方法的可行性进行验证。结果表明,所提出的方法可以快速响应定制产品的客户需求并指导其优化设计,可为定制化产品制造企业提供指导。     

产品个性化定制模型研究

建立了关于产品个性化定制的空间模型.运用该模型,重点讨论了双头垄断市场中的企业应该如何进行产品个性化定制的战略投资和确定其定制范围及常规市场价格,从而使其利润最大化.该模型适用于大多数的弹性制造企业.