PET/PLA共混物相容性的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学(MD)模拟方法在COMPASS力场下,研究了不同质量比(90/10、70/30、50/50、30/70和10/90)聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)/聚乳酸(PLA)共混物的相容性。研究结果表明,不同比例下共混物的Flory-Huggins相互作用参数(χ)均小于χcritical,可以预测PET与PLA两者具有良好的的相容性。对不同比例的PET/PLA共混物中C-C原子对分子间径向分布函数的分析进一步证明PET/PLA共混物是相容的。通过分析共混物中不同组分羰基上的O和羟基上的H原子对分子间径向分布函数发现,PET和PLA分子链间可以形成C=O…H-O氢键,有利于其共混物形成相容体系。     

聚乳酸/右旋聚乳酸共混物的耐热性能及结晶性能EI北大核心CSCD

以高光学纯度右旋乳酸(D-LA)为单体合成了不同相对分子质量的右旋聚乳酸(PDLA),采用熔融共混法制备了工业级聚乳酸(PLA)/PDLA共混物。采用热变形温度测试、X射线衍射(XRD)和差示扫描量热(DSC)分别研究了PDLA含量和相对分子质量对PLA/PDLA共混物维卡软化温度(VST)、晶体类型和结晶及熔融行为的影响。结果表明,随着PDLA的加入,PLA的VST从64.6℃上升到最高152.3℃,且PDLA相对分子质量越小,PLA/PDLA共混物VST越高;XRD和DSC的结果均表明工业PLA与PDLA在熔融共混可形成立构复合晶体(SC),且极速冷却的共混物中不含PLA同质晶体(HC),说明PLA/PDLA共混物VST上升主要是由于SC晶体含量上升所导致;DSC研究发现,加入10%PDLA时,PLA/PDLA共混物的结晶温度(Tc)从95.9℃提高到133.4℃,表明了SC晶体是PLA的有效成核剂。     

聚乳酸/右旋聚乳酸共混物的耐热性能及结晶性能

以高光学纯度右旋乳酸(D-LA)为单体合成了不同相对分子质量的右旋聚乳酸(PDLA),采用熔融共混法制备了工业级聚乳酸(PLA)/PDLA共混物。采用热变形温度测试、X射线衍射(XRD)和差示扫描量热(DSC)分别研究了PDLA含量和相对分子质量对PLA/PDLA共混物维卡软化温度(VST)、晶体类型和结晶及熔融行为的影响。结果表明,随着PDLA的加入,PLA的VST从64.6℃上升到最高152.3℃,且PDLA相对分子质量越小,PLA/PDLA共混物VST越高;XRD和DSC的结果均表明工业PLA与PDLA在熔融共混可形成立构复合晶体(SC),且极速冷却的共混物中不含PLA同质晶体(HC),说明PLA/PDLA共混物VST上升主要是由于SC晶体含量上升所导致;DSC研究发现,加入10%PDLA时,PLA/PDLA共混物的结晶温度(Tc)从95.9℃提高到133.4℃,表明了SC晶体是PLA的有效成核剂。     

相容剂增容聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯/聚乳酸共混物的制备及结晶性能与热性能EI北大核心CSCD

分别通过扫描电镜(SEM)、差式扫描量热分析(DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TG)、核磁共振及红外光谱等研究相容剂种类、含量及聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)/聚乳酸(PLA)配比对PET/PLA共混物的断面形貌、结晶形态及热性能等的影响。SEM和DSC结果表明,相容剂乳酸/丁二醇共聚物(PLLA-g-BDO)及用量对PET/PLA共混物的界面相容影响较大。与未加相容剂比,相容剂使界面从清晰过渡到模糊,界面处未见明显团聚颗粒;相容剂用量为8%时,DSC曲线上仅出现1个熔融峰。DSC和XRD表明,相容剂的引入降低了共混物的结晶度,冷结晶和热结晶过程中分别结晶,结晶的温度范围较宽,热结晶的结晶度大于冷结晶。冷结晶时,柔性链的PLA先结晶,PET后结晶;热结晶时,结晶温度较大组分PET先结晶,PLA后结晶。TG分析表明PET/PLA配比是材料热稳定性的必要条件。     

壳聚糖/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮共混膜的自由体积特性及物性研究

采用正电子湮没技术对壳聚糖/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(CS/PVP)溶液共混膜的自由体积特性进行了研究,根据3τ计算了其自由体积平均孔穴半径R,当聚乙烯吡咯烷酮组分加入量较少时,R随PVP在共混物中的含量增加开始略有减小,然后逐渐有所增加,PVP含量少于20%时,自由体积孔穴半径小于纯的CS本身,扫描电镜发现共混膜没有发生相分离,PVP与CS相容性好。另外,PVP的加入可以提高膜在湿态环境中的柔软性,共混膜在林格氏液中的降解性能优于纯CS膜。     

相容剂增容聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯/聚乳酸共混物的制备及结晶性能与热性能

分别通过扫描电镜(SEM)、差式扫描量热分析(DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TG)、核磁共振及红外光谱等研究相容剂种类、含量及聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)/聚乳酸(PLA)配比对PET/PLA共混物的断面形貌、结晶形态及热性能等的影响。SEM和DSC结果表明,相容剂乳酸/丁二醇共聚物(PLLA-g-BDO)及用量对PET/PLA共混物的界面相容影响较大。与未加相容剂比,相容剂使界面从清晰过渡到模糊,界面处未见明显团聚颗粒;相容剂用量为8%时,DSC曲线上仅出现1个熔融峰。DSC和XRD表明,相容剂的引入降低了共混物的结晶度,冷结晶和热结晶过程中分别结晶,结晶的温度范围较宽,热结晶的结晶度大于冷结晶。冷结晶时,柔性链的PLA先结晶,PET后结晶;热结晶时,结晶温度较大组分PET先结晶,PLA后结晶。TG分析表明PET/PLA配比是材料热稳定性的必要条件。     

聚氨酯-聚乳酸共混物的制备及性能

通过熔融共混挤出法制备不同质量比的热塑性聚氨酯-聚乳酸(TPU-PLA)共混物,采用SEM、DSC、TG、微卡软化点温度测定仪和熔融流动速率仪对共混物的表面形态结构、热学、高温加工等性能进行研究。结果表明:TPU-PLA共混物表面光滑且呈现出脆性断裂形貌特征,共混体系两种高聚物呈"海岛"分布;TPU-PLA共混体系中PLA与单独PLA相比,玻璃化转变温度Tg由69.60℃(Original PLA)变为57.58℃(PLA70)、53.29℃(PLA50)和55.64℃(PLA30),TPU均匀分散于PLA基体中且相界面分明,这都说明TPU-PLA共混体系为部分相容体系;TPU-PLA共混物的热失重起始分解温度范围为180~200℃,最快分解温度范围为310~350℃,热稳定性良好;TPU含量占共混物10%~30%时,共混物高温的临界变形温度相对单一体系有所提高;随TPU含量的继续增加,共混物熔融指数呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,其中PLA与TPU质量比为4∶6的TPU-PLA共混物熔融指数达到最大,为1 406g·(10min)-1。     

用Sanchez-Lacombe状态方程改进高分子-溶剂体系扩散系数模型

将Sanchez-Lacombe状态方程与Vrentas-Duda模型相结合,提出改进的高分子-溶剂体系扩散系数模型。改进的模型利用高分子结构单元的范德华体积导出高分子自由体积分数表达式,仅利用状态方程的特征参数和高分子的玻璃化温度确定用于扩散过程的有效自由体积。与Vrentas-Duda模型相比,改进的模型避免进行高分子的粘弹性实验回归自由体积参数;与前期研究相比,计算过程避免查阅数据手册获得高分子热膨胀系数,因此模型的预测性增强。对4种溶剂在3种高分子中自扩散系数和互扩散系数的计算结果表明,改进的模型具有较好的预测精度。     

用基团贡献法计算高分子中用于溶剂扩散的自由体积

以自由体积理论为基础,利用基于基团贡献法的格子-流体(GCLF)状态方程计算高分子供溶剂扩散的有效自由体积,进而提出改进的高分子-溶剂体系扩散系数模型。模型中与高分子相关的参数均可由基团贡献法确定,可用于预测已知分子结构的高分子中的溶剂扩散系数。计算了8种有机溶剂和6种高分子组成的体系的无限稀释扩散系数和溶剂自扩散系数,与实验值保持良好一致。基于空穴自由体积在高分子总自由体积中所占比例在微观和宏观上应相等的观点,用正电子湮没(PALS)实验结果验证改进方法的合理性。     

尼龙6/聚乳酸共混物的结构及性能

采用熔融共混法制备了尼龙6/聚乳酸(PA6/PLA)共混物,探索性研究了聚乳酸(PLA)部分替代尼龙6(PA6)的可行性。通过力学性能测试、扫描电镜(SEM)形态观察和热稳定性分析,研究了共混物的性能。研究结果表明,当PLA的含量不超过30%时,PA6/PLA共混物的拉伸强度在纯PA6拉伸强度的96%以上,拉伸模量是纯PA6的1.16～1.6倍;维卡软化点在173℃以上,热稳定性良好;形态观察发现共混物中PA6和PLA两相界面结合紧密,具有良好的相容性。而当PLA的含量超过40%时,PA6/PLA共混物的拉伸强度和热稳定性明显降低。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Analysis of anisotropy of properties on the basis of studies of texture of coarse-grained ingots of thermoelectric materials

An analysis of anisotropy of the properties of a Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7 solid solution was carried out using construction of demonstrative surfaces for thermoelectric effectiveness and thermal expansion coefficients. It is shown that the texture is an important factor forming anisotropy of properties and technological fitness of ingots for manufacturing modules. Anisotropy of properties based on the studies of the ingot textures obtained using the float-zone method and Bridgman method (growing thermoelectric plates in a flat cavity) was studied.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.