双匹配层宽带超声换能器

超声换能器由支撑体、高介电常数和高声阻抗材料的压电层、第一阻抗匹配层和第二阻抗匹配层组成。第一匹配层为硅。     

超声换能器的“电感-变压器”阻抗匹配模型研究

在分析超声换能器阻抗特性和电路匹配的基础上,对传统纯电感电容匹配电路模型进行电路仿真和阻抗分析,证明该模型在谐振频率附近有大范围的电抗变化,存在电路不稳定和电阻调节精度低的问题;提出"电感-变压器"阻抗匹配模型,通过电感和变压器分别调节换能器电阻和电抗,实现电路的精确匹配,以提高超声换能器阻抗匹配的精度和稳定性,并给出了理想的匹配条件和匹配参数。利用匝数可调的变压器和电感制作了超声换能器的匹配电路,对20.8 k Hz的变幅杆换能器进行了阻抗匹配的实验测量,结果证明这种"电感-变压器"阻抗匹配模型在谐振频率附近具有较小的电抗变化范围、较低的电阻变化率和较高的电抗调节精度,在超声换能器的自动阻抗匹配中具有良好的应用前景。     

用于超声物位测量的换能器研究

本文介绍了两种用于超声物位测量的系列换能器──纵向振动夹心换能器和纵振动与圆盘弯曲复合振动的压电换能器。纵向振动夹心换能器的尺寸为４０和８０，外壳采用了防腐蚀的ＰＶＣ材料。从压电方程出发，计算了换能器的各部分振动元件的尺寸，然后通过实测，结果表明与计算值相吻合，当换能器距天棚２．５ｍ时。不经过放大器可接收到第一次回波为３００ｍＶｐ－ｐ，配以发射、接收电路盲区为０．５ｍ。另一类是采用纵向振动与圆盘弯曲振动的复合换能器，它具有尖锐的指向性、高的发射效率和接收灵敏度。但是受激圆盘作弯曲振动时，在其表面…     

一种新颖高温超声测厚实验系统研究(Ⅰ)--声系统及使用效果

介绍一种新颖高温超声测厚实验系统的理论研究和实测结果。阐述了它的原理、特点、５ＭＨｚ超声换能器系统及多种介质测厚使用效果。本测厚系统可在温度３２８℃介面上接触在线运行检测。当ＰＺＴ晶片夹角设置为２°、声波延迟块长２０ｍｍ时，则在０．２～１３ｍｍ测厚范围内有效，精度可达０．１ｍｍ。该机体积小、功耗低，且可适用于多种介质的测厚工作。     

B3 幅度加权曲面换能器的理论分析

Ｂ２超声换能器的宽带阻抗匹配器研究朱昌平，陈兆华，冯若，黄金兰，魏立升，李良学（荆州师专物理系湖北荆州·４３４１００）在功率超声领域，换能器的阻抗匹配占有相当重要地位，但有关在较宽频带内都能适用的匹配方案尚少见报道。为满足实验室工作需要，我们研制了两...     

B4 矩形超声换能器方阵的研究

Ｂ４矩形超声换能器方阵的研究孙福成，宋健，江以萍，朱峰（上海交通大学上海·２０００３０）在我们研制的超声加热治癌系统中为了增大加热面积和增大加热深度，我们选用９片方形压电晶片组成一个方阵（３×３），每片大小为３．０ｃｍ×３．０ｃｍ，这样可以方便地对不...     

传输线变压器的机理及宽带阻抗匹配的设计

传输线变压器具有频带宽、易于制作的特点，在通信领域得到了广泛的应用。但在超声换能器与超声信号源之间采用传输线变压器实现阻抗匹配的报道较少。文章对传输线变压器实现宽带阻抗匹配的机理进行了详细的分析，通过一个简单的等效电路阐明了传输线变压器如何巧妙地利用传输线间的分布电容，使其由影响高频能量传输的不利因素而转换为电磁能量转换必不可少的条件，从而达到宽频带传输的目的。以500kHz-2MHz范围内的超声换能器的阻抗匹配变压器的设计为例，具体给出了确定传输线变压器特性阻抗、线长、磁心、导线型号和匝数的方法。     

厚度振动换能器脉冲响应的研究

本文对厚度振动图片换能器的导纳、传递函数和脉冲响应进行了研究。利用换能器等效电路、基尔霍夫定律和傅里叶变换给出了导纳、传递函数和脉冲响应的表达式。通过在ＨＰ—１０００微机上进行大量的计算，得到了ＺＮＬ—２压电陶瓷圆片换能器在不同匹配层和背衬层材料的导纳，传递函数和脉冲响应，得出了匹配材料声阻抗分别为４， ６（ １０６ｋｇ／ｍ２· ｓ）和背衬材料声阻抗分别为 ７．５， １５．５（１０６ｋｇ／ｍ２·时左右比较理想，然后用ＨＰ阻抗分析仪、Ｘ—Ｙ３０３３记录仪和脉冲响应测试仪分别测出几个换能器的导纳和脉冲响应，从实验结果可知：理论和实验结果基本符合。所得结果可供工厂生产时参考。     

B3 用电流角分析超声换能器的匹配问题

所谓电流角是指流动换能器的电流超前换能器两端电压的角度，引入电流角的概念，可以简化超声换能器的匹配计算，同时，便于直观地表达各相关参量之间的关系。     

声波测井压电换能器多频点阻抗匹配技术研究

针对声波测井压电换能器的多频点阻抗匹配技术展开研究,首先采用多模态等效电路精确描述了换能器的导纳特性;然后通过分析多模态阻抗匹配理论,设计电感-电容复合阻抗匹配网络,并结合换能器等效电路进行参数优化和电路仿真。实验表明,相比于换能器没有阻抗匹配的测试结果,该阻抗匹配技术可大幅提高换能器在谐振频率附近多个频率处的有功功率,频带内的有功功率平均提高了30倍,从而改善换能器的激励带宽和激励效率,提高测井仪器的适应性、探测深度和分辨率。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.