基于电场力显微镜的聚酰亚胺表面电荷

为了研究电介质材料在微纳米尺度下表面电荷产生的原因,为纳米电介质材料的发展提供实验分析基础,本文利用电场力显微镜(Electrostatic Force Microscope,EFM)在微纳米尺度下对聚酰亚胺薄膜表面电荷的起因及特性进行了研究。研究表明:采用导电探针施加偏置电压,摩擦接触聚酰亚胺薄膜表面,在微纳米区域内可产生稳定的电荷分布;薄膜的接触电势差约为-4.0V;负电压更易在聚酰亚胺表面注入电荷;针尖运动速度对聚酰亚胺表面电荷的产生影响并不显著。     

耐电晕聚酰亚胺薄膜表面电荷特性

为了解微纳米尺度下聚合物绝缘材料表面电荷生成、发展规律和机理,利用电场力显微镜（electrostatic force microscope,EFM）研究了两种聚酰亚胺薄膜的表面电荷生成及其衰减特性.采用EFM的导电探针在聚酰亚胺薄膜表面注入电荷,并对产生的电荷进行原位表征,结果表明原始（100 HN）和耐电晕（100 CR）两种聚酰亚胺薄膜上电荷生成和衰减特性不同.耐电晕薄膜被注入的表面电荷数量少且注入后衰减较快,其衰减服从指数规律,衰减时间常数为19.9 min;原始薄膜被注入的电荷量较多,衰减时间常数为48.1 min.分析表明,耐电晕薄膜中由于掺杂了Al2O3成分,使得材料的介电常数提高、电阻率下降.介电常数提高使得金属-电介质界面势垒提高,增加了电荷注入难度,导致表面电荷数量少;电阻率下降使得电荷消散速度加快.     

原子力显微镜中微悬臂梁/探针横向力的标定

利用微加工制造的微悬臂梁／探针尖已经广泛应用在微观表面性质测试和微纳米尺度加工等领域，成为微纳米研究领域中不可缺少的重要工具．为了能够定量研究原子力显微镜中探针与表面的相互作用力，需要对微悬臂梁／探针的力学性能进行表征．本文简要地论述了原子力显微镜中微悬臂梁的形变光反射原理和探针与表面的接触刚度理论．阐明了微悬臂梁横向力标定的重要性．综述了目前几种微悬臂梁／探针横向力的标定方法、简单的推倒过程和特点、     

纳米尺度铁电畴的扫描力显微镜成像研究进展

扫描力显微镜(SFM)作为一种新型的超分辨率近场扫描探针显微仪器正日益受到各学科领域的高度重视.在铁电材料领域,SFM是开展纳米尺度铁电畴结构成像、纳米尺度畴结构控制及纳米尺度微区的铁电性、介电性、压电性等特性研究的潜在的强有力的研究工具.本文就纳米尺度铁电畴的扫描力显微镜的成像原理的研究进展作一综述.     

扫描探针显微镜研究弛豫铁电体电畴生长

本文研究了典型弛豫铁电陶瓷0．9PMN－0．1PT中的电畴生长过程．用扫描探针显微镜的轻敲模式和抬举模式对驰豫铁电陶瓷的表面形貌和电场力像进行了观察．结果表明,在施加不同针尖电压（0．05、0．5、1V）的情况下,能够诱导材料中纳米尺度极化微区通过沿＜111＞方向180°反转,从而形成亚微米尺度电畴．     

原子力显微镜研究材料光滑表面的微摩擦性能

用原子力显微镜研究了单晶硅、云母表面的微摩擦性能,通过选择扫描角度及对分长度的方法,研究了一种有效的测试光滑材料表面微观静摩擦力的方法.结果表明,新解理云母与探针间的微观静摩擦系数和动摩擦系数均低于单晶硅的表面,但粘附力要大于单晶硅,这可能是由于新解理云母表面带有的电荷易吸收水分造成的.     

压膜阻尼对原子力显微镜振动特性的影响研究

原子力显微镜(Atomic Force Microscope, AFM)在轻敲模式下工作时,随着探针针尖与样品距离的逐渐减小,空气压膜阻尼的作用随之增大。为研究压膜阻尼对原子力显微镜振动系统的影响,分别使用无针尖探针和微球针尖探针进行扫频实验,并基于振动理论将该过程简化,得到了两种不同的振动模型的系统刚度。在考虑压膜阻尼作用影响后,将微球针尖振动系统模型进一步简化为一维振子模型,并对压膜阻尼的影响进行讨论。实验表明空气压膜阻尼模型对于探针样品在微尺度下的作用过程是准确合理的。该结果对原子力显微镜轻敲模式研究具有重要意义。     

使用SPM的纳米级加工技术新进展

扫描探针显微镜(SPM)现在不仅用于表面微观形貌的检测，同时也用于纳米超精密加工和原子操纵，该文介绍了用STM和AFM进行纳米级加工的各种最新方法：针尖直接雕刻，针尖光刻加工，局部阳极氧化，原子沉积形成纳米点，原子去除形成沟槽微结构，多针尖加工，原子自组装形成三维结构等．使用SPM的纳米级加工对发展微型机械、纳米电子学和微机电系统具有重要意义．     

纳米阻抗显微镜的研制及商品化

纳米阻抗显微镜(Nanoscale impedance microscopy,NIM)能够测量材料表面的纳米微区阻抗性质,已经成为纳米材料表征的重要工具,得到越来越多的应用;但其应用目前仅局限于实验室范围,而国内尚未有纳米阻抗显微镜研究的文献报道.本文主要介绍纳米阻抗显微镜的基本原理及其仪器的研制.以国内外现有的扫描探针显微镜仪器为基础,研制出了两套不同的纳米阻抗显微镜样机,并率先实现了这种技术的商品化,还利用该技术开展了氧化锌多晶陶瓷材料的应用研究.     

激光检测原子力显微镜的改进——振荡工作模式

针对一些特殊材料表面形貌的检测需要 ,在原有国产商用激光检测原子力显微镜的基础上 ,设计研制了适用性更广、功能更强的原子显微镜。在不提高驱动电压的前提下 ,采用改进的扫描管 ,将扫描范围从 15μm× 15μm提高到了 50 μm× 50 μm ;改进了原有的微探针扫描模式 ,在探针上施加一驱动的简谐振荡信号 ,使探针发生振荡。由于存在着表面的力梯度 ,当样品与探针距离发生振荡变化时 ,针尖振荡的振幅、频率和位相都会随之改变。用电子信号反馈电路探测此变化 ,就能得到样品表面形貌的信息     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.