固溶前深冷变形处理对7050铝合金组织和性能的影响

本工作提出了7050铝合金自由锻件深冷变形新工艺,即在热处理前将合金置于液氮中,待合金降至液氮温度后进行单道次压缩变形。经热处理后,采用硬度仪、室温拉伸、电导率、晶间腐蚀、剥落腐蚀测试及金相显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜研究了不同深冷变形量对7050铝合金微观组织、力学性能和抗腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:随着深冷变形量的增大,合金再结晶比例上升,晶粒逐渐细化,晶界析出相间距减小,由非连续分布转变为连续分布,晶界无析出带宽度变窄;合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度与硬度明显升高,最大提升幅度分别为33 MPa、35 MPa和10. 5HV,延伸率最大提升幅度为1. 5%;电导率呈现小幅下降趋势,合金抗晶间腐蚀和抗剥落腐蚀性能降低,30%深冷变形量对应的晶间腐蚀最大深度为167μm,剥落腐蚀等级为EC。     

GH4133A合金多火次锻造工艺研究

对GH4133A合金进行了多火次热模锻造实验,探索了不同锻造温度和变形量在不同火次变形后的晶粒度、室温拉伸和700℃拉伸性能。结果表明:当在1080℃以10%进行多火次锻造时,GH4133A合金晶粒度以及室温拉伸性能随着锻造火次增加而提高,700℃拉伸强度接近;当多火次变形量为30%时,晶粒度、室温拉伸和700℃拉伸强度均是二火次成形最高。以1160℃进行多火次热模锻造后合金的700℃拉伸性能优于以1080℃锻造时。上述实验结果与晶粒度、拉伸变形时晶粒变形方式、每种变形方式下晶粒的参与量和每种变形方式的持续时间有关。     

挤压态FGH4096合金室温变形及临界晶粒长大研究

基于挤压态FGH4096合金圆柱和双圆锥台试样室温压缩变形及热处理实验,结合DEFORM有限元软件数值模拟,确定了挤压态FGH4096合金室温压缩临界晶粒长大的临界等效应变窗口条件,分析了挤压态FGH4096合金室温压缩临界晶粒长大机制.结果表明:挤压态FGH4096合金圆柱试样在压缩速度0.01 mm/s下的室温压缩临界等效应变窗口为0.03～0.07,双圆锥台试样在压缩速度0.05 mm/s下的室温压缩临界等效应变窗口为0.005～0.06.挤压态FGH4096合金室温压缩临界晶粒长大与合金变形量和γ'相溶解后晶界的颗粒钉扎作用消失有关,呈现为在小变形区域粗大晶粒吞噬细小晶粒的异常晶粒特征.     

Mn和Zr对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu铝合金各向异性的影响

采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及室温拉伸、剥落腐蚀、晶间腐蚀等测试方法,研究了微量的Mn和Zr对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu铝合金的组织和性能各向异性的影响。结果表明,在Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Ti合金中,分别添加微量的Mn和Zr,合金中对应析出细小弥散的Al6Mn和Al3Zr相,这两相均能抑制基体再结晶,促使合金的晶粒纵横比增大。合金的力学性能、抗晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀性能提高,但性能各向异性增大。同时,结果显示Zr对合金的组织和性能各向异性的影响显著大于Mn。     

磷对GH761合金固溶水淬组织屈服强度的影响

通过固溶水淬处理抑制γ'相析出,获得单一γ相组织,研究了磷对GH761合金基体γ相的强化作用及其机制.结果表明,磷对合金的晶粒组织没有显著影响,但是使GH761合金基体γ相的室温和650℃拉伸屈服强度和室温硬度提高.磷对基体变形过程中的位错运动具有明显的影响,低磷含量时滑移线平直;磷含量升高使滑移线弯曲并互相缠结.磷提高合金基体的强度,阻碍晶粒变形,是其降低合金蠕变速率的重要原因.     

等温锻造工艺对FGH96合金组织性能的影响

通过对粉末高温合金FGH96在不同变形量和变形速率下的显微组织及力学性能的研究,得到了不同等温锻造工艺对合金组织和力学性能的影响规律.研究结果表明:在相同的变形速率下,晶粒度随着变形量的增加而更加细小;当变形量为40％～50％时,晶粒最细小、均匀.在不同的变形速率下,合金变形量为40％～50％时,室温和高温力学性能最好.     

形变热处理对Mg-4Al-1Si-1Gd合金组织及性能的影响

为改善Mg-Al-Si系(AS系)变形镁合金因第二相粗大、分布不均而性能较低的现状,在200℃下对挤压态Mg-4Al-1Si-1Gd合金分别进行不同时间(5 h、10 h、15 h)的等温时效和等通道挤压(ECAP)处理,并利用光学显微镜、扫描显微镜和拉伸实验分析其组织及拉伸性能.结果表明:随着等温时效时间的延长,晶粒尺寸增大,晶界处析出少量聚集的大尺寸Mg17 Al12相,时效10 h后合金的室温拉伸性能较优,但与挤压态相比强塑性明显降低.而形变时效提供的热变形能和应变累积量促进了动态再结晶的充分进行,晶粒尺寸由挤压态的10.68μm减小至2.20μm,Mg2 Si相和Si3 Gd5相碎化完全且分布更均匀,晶界处析出了大量颗粒状Mg17 Al12相,基面织构明显弱化,形成了新的非基面织构组分,抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率与挤压态相比分别提高了11.7％、33.7％和19.9％.经计算,细晶强化对屈服强度的贡献值为42.8 MPa,Orowan强化的贡献值为4.25 MPa.     

GH4169合金Delta工艺中的变形行为和微观组织演变

在950-1010℃用GH4169合金的Delta工艺进行应变速率为0.005-0.1 s-1的等温恒应变速率压缩实验,系统研究了δ相对合金热变形行为和微观组织演变的影响。结果表明:初始δ相含量分别为0、3.65%和8.14%的GH4169合金的真应力–真应变曲线均为具有单峰特征的曲线,其本构方程均满足双曲正弦函数,变形激活能分别为441.3、445.8和487.7 kJ/mol;3种合金在热变形过程中的主要软化机制均为动态再结晶;在相同变形条件下,随着δ相含量的增加,动态再结晶临界应变显著降低,再结晶晶粒尺寸减小,再结晶体积分数增大;其中固溶态合金的再结晶形核方式主要为基体γ相的晶界弓弯形核,而预析出δ相的合金中δ相与基体γ相的相界也是再结晶形核的有利位置。由此可见,δ相的存在能促进动态再结晶的发生。     

加工及热处理条件对Ti-26合金组织与力学性能的影响

研究影响Ti-26合金再结晶晶粒尺寸的各种参数,包括冷轧变形量、固溶温度、固溶时间等.变形量10%左右为临界变形量,β晶粒直径随固溶温度、固溶时间增加而增大.还研究了固溶和固溶时效状的β晶粒尺寸对拉伸性能的影响以及冷加工对时效性能的影响.     

ZK60镁合金高温动态再结晶行为的研究

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机进行压缩实验,研究了ZK60镁合金在变形温度为473～723K、应变速率为0.001～1s~(-1)范围内变形过程中的组织演变.分析了变形程度、变形温度、变形速率对其动态再结晶行为的影响,探讨了其动态再结晶的形核机制.结果表明:ZK60合金高温塑性变形时的主要软化机制为动态再结晶,变形温度623K,应变量超过0.24时,在原晶界处出现大量的动态再结晶晶粒,并形成易延展的剪切区.变形温度是影响ZK60合金动态再结晶晶粒尺寸的主要因素,变形温度高于623K时,动态再结晶晶粒超过25μm.ZK60合金动态再结晶晶核在晶界弓弯处形成,随着应变量增加,出现亚晶界合并长大,长条状亚晶快速长大以及在剪切带变形区形核等.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。