1,4-二(叠氮乙酰氧基)-2,3-二(叠氮乙酰氧甲基)-2,3-二硝基丁烷的合成

以2,3-二羟甲基-2,3-二硝基-1,4-丁二醇为原料经酯化和叠氮化两步反应合成了1,4-二(叠氮乙酰氧基)-2,3-二(叠氮乙酰氧甲基)-2,3-二硝基丁烷(BDAA),总收率为68.8%。采用1H NMR和IR对目标产物及中间体的结构进行了表征。分别采用甲苯和二甲苯两种溶剂进行酯化反应,发现二甲苯为该反应的较优溶剂;通过对催化剂硫酸﹑磷酸和对甲苯磺酸的比较,得出对甲苯磺酸为该酯化反应的较优催化剂;通过对叠氮化反应的讨论,确定了四丁基溴化铵为该反应较优相转移催化剂。DSC分析表明,BDAA的分解峰温为206.44℃。TG分析表明,BDAA的热分解可能分两步进行,在500℃时,尚未分解完全。     

2, 4-己二炔-1, 6-二乙基脲的显色动力学

目的对2,4-己二炔-1,6-二乙基脲(KE)发生固相聚合反应时的显色动力学规律进行研究,为其作为商业化时间温度指示剂的应用提供指导。方法通过单因素法,分别从浓度、时间、温度3个方面对2,4-己二炔-1,6-二乙基脲在聚合反应过程中的显色动力学规律进行研究,利用分光密度仪对光密度值进行测定,并通过计算求得聚合反应的反应级数及反应活化能。结果随着浓度增大或温度升高,KE聚合反应速率逐渐增大,随加热时间的增长,反应速率先增加后减小,在上述条件下,时间温度指示剂的颜色均不断变深;通过计算得到该聚合反应的反应级数为0.31,活化能为37.09 k J/mol。结论 KE作为一种新型的时间温度指示剂,其视觉响应信号易于识别;通过改变指示剂的浓度,可实现对不同产品剩余货架信息的监测;根据其活化能值,可判断出该时间温度指示剂可指示的产品活化能范围为12~61 k J/mol。     

2-苄基-1,3-二苯基-1,3-丙二酮的合成及其铕配合物光致发光

合成了新的配体2-苄基-1,3-二苯基-1,3-丙二酮和新的铕配合物Eu(RDBM)3phen,并用元素分析(EA)、IR和UV对配合物进行了表征;配合物Eu(RDBM)3phen在波长328nm激发下,发出以铕的特征发射谱线615nm左右为主的强荧光,对应跃迁为5D0→7F2;2-苄基-1,3-二苯基-1,3-丙二酮对铕离子具有敏化作用,是铕配合物的良好配体.     

1,4-二叠氮-2,3-二叠氮甲基-2,3-二硝基丁烷的合成

以硝基甲烷为原料合成了1,4-二叠氮-2,3-二叠氮甲基-2,3-二硝基丁烷,总收率为37.8%。采用1HNMR﹑IR和MS对目标产物及中间体的结构进行了表征。在三羟甲基硝基甲烷的合成中,结合反应机理确定了氢氧化钙的用量为:n(CH3NO2)n(Ca(OH)2)=1001;通过对催化剂浓硫酸﹑三氟化硼—乙醚络合物和对甲苯磺酸的比较,得出对甲苯磺酸为中间体2,2-二甲基-5-羟甲基-5-硝基-1,3-二氧杂环己烷合成的较优催化剂;分别采用2,3-二羟甲基-2,3-二硝基-1,4-丁二醇四硝酸酯和2,3-二羟甲基-2,3-二硝基-1,4-丁二醇四对甲苯磺酸酯与NaN3反应,发现磺酸酯基易离去,叠氮化反应更易进行,收率较高;叠氮化反应的较优溶剂为DMSO。DSC分析表明,1,4-二叠氮-2,3-二叠氮甲基-2,3-二硝基丁烷的分解峰温为223.46℃。     

1，3-双（叠氮乙酰氧基）-2-乙基-2-硝基丙烷的合成与性能

以2-乙基-2-硝基-1,3-丙二醇为原料,经酯化、叠氮化两步反应,合成出了1,3-二(叠氮乙酰氧基)-2-乙基-2-硝基丙烷(ENPEA),总收率为83%。利用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析对ENPEA的结构进行了表征。探讨了叠氮化反应的影响因素,确定其最佳反应条件为:n(Na N3)n(ENPE)为2.21.0,混合溶剂中水占总体积的13%~20%,反应时间2 h;性能测试得到ENPEA的玻璃化转变温度为-43.4℃,热分解峰温为252.4℃,密度为1.34 g/cm3,特性落高为120.2 cm(落锤2 kg),爆炸概率为4%(摆角66°)。     

2,5-二巯基-1,3,4-噻二唑的合成及电化学性能

以二硫化碳和水合肼为原料合成了2,5-二巯基-1,3,4-噻二唑(DMcT),并采用元素分析、Raman光谱和红外(IR)光谱对DMcT的结构进行了表征.DMcT的循环伏安曲线表明,在室温下DMcT的氧化还原反应速度很慢,且酸碱条件对DMcT氧化还原反应有很大的影响.加入三乙胺之后,DMcT的氧化反应更加容易,还原峰电流增大,但对还原峰电位的影响不大;相反,当甲磺酸存在时,DMcT的氧化反应更难进行,而还原反应变得更加容易.     

1-3-2型压电陶瓷/聚合物复合材料的理论模型

根据Chan的1-3型复合材料理论模型和Newnham的复合材料串并联理论,提出了一种用于计算新型1-3-2型压电陶瓷/聚合物复合材料的介电常数和压电常数的理论模型.并制备了一批1-3-2型压电复合材料样品,把理论模型的计算值与实际测量的材料参数进行了比较,结果表明两者符合较好,误差小于10%.     

锌粉还原法制备2,5-二甲氧基-4-苯胺的研究

采用乙醇和水的混合溶液为介质,用锌粉还原2,5-二甲氧基-4-氯硝基苯制备中间体2,5-二甲氧基-4-氯苯胺.最佳反应条件如下:2,5-二甲氧基-4-氯硝基苯与锌粉的摩尔比为1:4;2,5-二甲氧基-4-氯硝基苯与冰醋酸的摩尔比为1:0.1;混合溶剂中乙醇和水的体积比为3:2;以氯化铵为电解质,2,5-二甲氧基-4-氯硝基苯与氯化铵的摩尔比为1:0.06.在此反应条件下得到的还原产物收率可达91.45%、熔点为116～117℃、胺基值为97.33%.     

4,4′-二(2,6-二甲基苯氧基)二苯砜、三苯二醚和对苯二甲酰氯三元无规共聚物的合成与表征

在无水三氯化铝(A lC l3)和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DM F)存在下,以1,4-二苯氧基苯(DPB)、4,4′-二(2,6-二甲基苯氧基)二苯砜(o-M2DPODPS)和对苯二甲酰氯(TPC)为单体,于1,2-二氯乙烷(DCE)中进行低温溶液缩聚反应,合成了一系列共聚物。用IR,DSC,W AXD,TGA等方法对共聚物进行表征和性能测试。研究结果表明,随着o-M2DPODPS含量的增加,共聚物的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)大幅提高,熔融温度(Tm)和结晶度则逐渐减小,溶解性能得到了一定的改善。     

PZT/环氧树脂1-3-2型压电复合材料的制备及性能

采用压电陶瓷基板与1-3型压电复合材料串联连接,沿表面两相互垂直的方向切割PZT陶瓷,在切槽间浇注环氧树脂,制备出新型的1-3-2型压电复合材料.实验测试了材料的压电和介电性能,结果表明其d33常数达到400 pC/N,振动位移113.5pm,声速3500m/s,声阻抗17.6Mraly,厚度机电耦合系数0.62,带宽3.6kHz,相对介电常数817,介质损耗0.02.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。