多孔材料和微穿孔板复合吸声结构研究

主要研究如何利用多孔材料拓宽微穿孔板的吸声频带,微穿孔板用来吸收低频噪声,同时加入吸声材料来提高中高频的吸声。给出复合结构吸声系数的计算方法,并在阻抗管内进行实验验证,测量结果和计算结果取得很好的一致性。研究结果表明,多孔吸声材料置于微穿孔板之前,并且二者之间有一定的空气层时,可以显著改善微穿孔板的吸声性能。     

金属纤维多孔材料复合结构的声学性能

针对精密电子元器件等领域在受限空间内的噪声处理难题,以纤维直径为8μm~20μm的316L不锈钢纤维为原料,首先采用真空烧结技术制备了厚度为2 mm,孔隙率为55%~76%的不锈钢纤维多孔材料,然后将其与穿孔板、金属薄板复合并采用真空烧结技术制备了厚度为3~4 mm的复合结构,利用4206型声学阻抗管测试了金属纤维多孔材料及其复合结构的吸声系数和隔声量。系统分析了不锈钢纤维多孔材料的孔隙率与纤维直径、穿孔板结构参数及金属薄板对复合结构的吸声性能和隔声性能的影响规律。研究表明:当金属纤维多孔材料的厚度为2 mm时,宜选择单层复合结构进行噪声处理,其吸声系数稳定在0.3~0.4;当声波频率超过3000 Hz时,宜选择梯度复合结构进行噪声处理,其吸声系数最高可达0.75。穿孔板显著提高了复合结构的吸声系数。相对于穿孔板吸声结构而言,复合结构将第一共振频率向低频方向移动且将共振频率附近的吸声频带变宽。在梯度金属纤维多孔材料层间添加金属薄板后,可进一步提高其吸声系数。     

微穿孔板-聚氨酯微孔薄膜复合结构吸声特性

当微穿孔板背后空腔的长度受到结构限制,对于低频噪声很难吸收,在微穿孔板后增加一层聚氨酯微孔可渗透薄膜形成复合结构可增加低频吸声特性。设计一种改进的聚氨酯微孔可渗透薄膜流阻测量实验装置,充分考虑材料本身质量的影响,建立微穿孔板-可渗透薄膜复合结构声阻抗电声等效电路,该方法可普遍用于预测此类复合结构吸声特性。理论计算不同可渗透膜材料的面密度、流阻等参数对复合结构垂直入射吸声系数的影响。结果表明：在微穿孔板背后增加一层聚氨酯微孔可渗透薄膜,可以在中低频段获得较好的吸声效果。     

变截面背腔结构的微穿孔板吸声器的设计与研究

如何实现微穿孔板吸声结构的宽频吸声是近年来的研究热点之一。针对微穿孔板吸声结构的宽频吸声问题,本文设计了一种不规则背腔结构,并将其应用到单层和双层微穿孔板的吸声器上,对其吸声性能进行了研究。利用声电类比模型获得吸声器各部分的阻抗关系,然后通过理论计算得到吸声结构的阻抗和吸声系数。理论、仿真和实验结果表明：在不增加结构厚度的情况下,通过内层变截面隔板对背腔进行不等体积分割,可拓宽微穿孔板吸声带宽,且结构相对简单。该研究为微穿孔板吸声器的宽带低频吸声及其应用提供了新的设计思路。     

单壁碳纳米管对微穿孔板吸声体吸声性能的影响

实验研究了单壁碳纳米管对微穿孔板吸声体吸声性能的影响。使用单壁碳纳米管对传统的微穿孔板吸声体进行表面修饰,得到复合微穿孔板吸声体,在阻抗管中测量得到其垂直入射吸声系数,并与复合之前的实验结果进行对比发现,经单壁碳纳米管表面修饰后的复合微穿孔板吸声体的吸声性能在低频范围内有明显的改进,吸声系数最大可提高约39.6%。对基于单壁碳纳米管表面修饰的复合微穿孔板吸声体的吸声机理进行探讨时发现,复合吸声体在微穿孔板吸声体共振吸声的基础上引入了单壁碳纳米管与微穿孔板界面的摩擦振动作用等辅助吸声机制使得其吸声性能变优。该研究结果为微纳复合吸声降噪结构的设计提供了研究思路。     

微穿孔板二次余数扩散体复合结构阻抗管实验研究

传统的共振吸声结构由于吸声频带窄而无法满足要求,为此将具有良好扩散性能的二次余数扩散体(Quadratic Residue Diffuser,QRD)结构与微穿孔板复合以期获得在吸声频带和吸声峰值兼佳的复合结构。阻抗管实验研究表明,将QRD结构与微穿孔板复合之后,微穿孔板的吸声频带有了很大的扩展,并同时拥有了QRD结构双吸声峰的特点。经过复合,QRD结构的吸收峰吸声系数明显改善,从0.27提高到0.6以上,半峰宽拓宽到300 Hz以上;与微穿孔板变化规律一致,微穿孔板/QRD复合结构的中低频吸收峰频率随微穿孔板穿孔率的增大而向高频移动,随板厚的增加而向低频移动。     

L型分割背腔的微穿孔板吸声结构的吸声性能研究

为了提高单层微穿孔板吸声结构的低频吸声性能,设计了一种L型分割背腔的微穿孔板吸声结构。基于微穿孔板吸声理论和声电等效电路原理,建立了两腔分割的L型分割背腔的微穿孔板吸声结构的声电等效电路模型。数值和实验结果表明:L型分割背腔的微穿孔板吸声结构能很好的改善单层微穿孔板结构低频吸声性能,并且明显拓宽了单层微穿孔板结构的吸声带宽。将此结构推广到N腔分割,实验结果和数值结果拟合的较好。     

微穿孔板吸声体中的板振动

板振动对微穿孔板吸声体的声学特性存在一定的影响。文章对此影响关系从理论方面进行初步分析,并通过不同材料、不同孔径、不同穿孔率样品在低频、中频驻波管中的大量实验,分析板振动对微穿孔板吸声体吸声性能影响关系的规律性,从而得到对微穿也板的实际应用具有指导性的结论。     

微穿孔板-聚合物层状结构材料的制备和吸声性能

以微穿孔板(MPP)、聚氨酯泡沫(PU)、丁腈橡胶(NBR)和空腔(AG)为原料,根据不同的结构顺序分别制备出MPP-AG共振结构、MPP-PUFM层状结构、MPP-AG-NBR-PUFM多层结构材料和NBR-PUFM-MPP-AG多层结构材料,研究了MMP穿孔率、PUFM厚度、泡沫层孔径、泡沫厚度和结构交替顺序对复合材料吸声性能的影响。结果表明：在频率较低的条件下MPP穿孔率越低或在较高频率条件下MPP穿孔率越高,层状结构材料的吸声系数越高;随着PUFM厚度的增大层状结构材料的共振峰值频率向低频方向移动。与MPP-PUFM层状结构材料相比,MPP-AG-NBR-PUFM在500~1600Hz频率范围的平均吸声系数由0.58提高到0.66;NBR-PUFM-MPP-AG多层结构材料具有优异的中低频吸声性能,频率为400 Hz时最大吸声系数达到0.94,频率为2700 Hz时吸声系数达到0.85。     

穿孔膜与扬声器组合结构吸声性能研究

针对穿孔膜结构低频吸声能力不足问题提出穿孔膜-扬声器复合吸声结构。将扬声器放置于穿孔膜结构后端组成复合吸声结构，可改善结构的低频吸声性能。利用传递矩阵方法建立复合结构吸声理论模型，通过数值计算软件对其吸声性能进行数值计算，并通过阻抗管实验对复合吸声结构的声学性能进行验证，结果显示复合吸声结构的理论和实验变化规律基本一致。扬声器在低频段引入一个吸声峰，调节扬声器的背腔深度可以扩大复合结构的吸声带宽，调节穿孔膜的背腔深度可以使吸声峰值向低频方向移动。合理地设计扬声器和穿孔膜的背腔深度，可以实现结构的高效低频吸声。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度

本文根据多年的实践检定经验 ,参照JJF1 0 59- 1 999《测量不确定度评定与表示》以及《测量不确定度表达 1 0讲》 ,对卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度进行了评定。     

盐酸浓度不确定度的评估

通过对盐酸浓度标定的过程分析，找出影响结果的各个分量，进行不确定度的评定，按照计量技术规范给出标准的表示法。     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Numerical study of methods of linearization of the output characteristics of radio-frequency sensors of the level of dielectric media

Different constructions of the sensing elements of radio-frequency level sensors based on sections of long lines are numerically investigated by means of the Matlab program for the purpose of minimizing the measurement error caused by the nonlinearity of the output characteristic. It is shown that the nonlinearity is lowest for U-shaped designs. The nonlinearity factor KN may be regulated by varying the capacitance of a correcting capacitor connected to the input of the sensing element and (or) the length of one of the sections of the long line. In selecting an optimal capacitance of the correcting capacitor KN ≤ 0.15% for control media with dielectric permittivity in the range 2.2–30.