还原氧化石墨烯-聚苯胺复合薄膜制备及其室温下NH3敏感性能

以改进Hummers法获得的氧化石墨为原料制备氧化石墨烯,采用一步水热合成法制备了还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)-聚苯胺(PANI)复合材料。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和气敏测试仪对rGO-PANI复合薄膜的结构、形貌和氨气敏感性能进行分析。结果表明,rGO-PANI复合材料比单纯的rGO、PANI的气敏性能更加优异;随着PANI与rGO质量比的增加,灵敏度呈现减小趋势,而响应-恢复时间呈现增大的趋势。在室温下,当聚苯胺与氧化石墨质量比为1:1时复合薄膜氨敏性能最佳,灵敏度50.26%,响应时间156 s,恢复时间214 s。     

多壁碳纳米管/氧化石墨烯/硅橡胶复合薄膜湿敏性能研究

采用化学修饰的多壁碳纳米管(o-MWCNTs)与Hummers法制备的氧化石墨烯(GO)超声混合,加入室温硫化硅橡胶(RTV),利用溶液共混法制备具有湿敏特性的o-MWCNTs/GO/RTV复合薄膜。借助于透射电子显微镜(TEM)、红外吸收光谱(FT-IR)等分析手段分别对化学修饰的多壁碳纳米管及氧化石墨烯进行表征,并对基于o-MWCNTs/GO/RTV的复合薄膜的湿敏性能及湿敏机理进行了探讨。结果表明,混酸处理后的碳纳米管端口打开,侧壁和开端处产生羧基和羟基等官能团,有利于水分子的吸附,同时也有利于与GO表面的基团作用,形成三维的纳微米结构,提高了碳纳米管与硅橡胶基体的相容性,使所制备的o-MWCNTs/GO/RTV复合薄膜灵敏度提高。当相对湿度在23%~87%的范围,m(GO)∶m(o-MWCNTs)=1∶3时,o-MWCNTs/GO/RTV复合薄膜的湿滞为5%RH,灵敏度为0.3152/%RH,响应时间和恢复时间分别为4和27 s。     

氧化石墨烯及热还原产物对CH_4和H_2的敏感性能研究

以Hummers法获得的氧化石墨为原料制备氧化石墨烯,在不同温度下还原获得不同还原程度的还原氧化石墨烯,采用AFM、XRD、XPS和SEM对样品的结构、官能团及表面形貌进行表征,并采用涂覆法制备氧化石墨烯和还原氧化石墨烯气敏器件。结果表明,所得氧化石墨烯片厚度为1.08~1.72nm,为单层或双层氧化石墨烯。经100~250℃还原后,样品对应的底面间距由8.87nm减小至3.68nm;随还原程度增加,O/C原子比由0.43降至0.32;含氧官能团逐渐减少,其中C-OH含量明显降低;元件灵敏度降低。氧化石墨烯及其低还原程度产物的气敏元件对CH4和H2气体表现出较高的响应和灵敏度,S-GOS对CH4的灵敏度可达81%左右,对H2灵敏度可达77.2%。     

温度不敏感的柔性氧化石墨烯湿度传感器研究

本文设计并制作了一种氧化石墨烯(GO)柔性湿度传感器,通过阻抗分析测试法,分别比较了温度对其电阻和电容湿敏特性的影响,并研究了其动态响应特性。结果表明,电阻工作模式的GO柔性湿度传感器湿敏特性受温度影响较大,而电容工作模式则几乎对温度不敏感。当湿度为50%时,传感器的响应时间和恢复时间分别约为1.7s和8.4s。同时,验证了该传感器可实现穿戴式人体呼吸频率的监测。     

基于c‒MWCNTs/GO体系的湿敏型智能包装研究

目的 优选羧基化多壁碳纳米管(c–MWCNTs)与氧化石墨烯(GO)作为敏感材料制备湿度传感器,对其湿敏特性进行研究,探索一种能够快速精确监测包装内湿度变化的传感器。方法 通过丝网印刷工艺印制传感器电极基底,在电极表面涂布c–MWCNTs/GO湿敏溶液,混合湿敏溶液中c–MWCNTs的质量分数分别为20%和67%,烘干后得到电阻型湿度传感器,测定其灵敏度、动态响应、响应恢复时间、吸湿滞后性、重复性等湿敏特性。结果 选用长度为0.5~2 μm的c–MWCNTs制备的湿度传感器灵敏度、线性度优于10~30 μm的。质量分数分别为20%和67%的c–MWCNTs的湿敏溶液制备而得的传感器均对不同湿度敏感,而当c–MWCNTs质量分数为67%时灵敏度更高,线性度更好,在低湿(相对湿度为33%)时响应和恢复时间分别为7 s和3.9 s,高湿(相对湿度为85%)时分别为20 s和15 s,最大吸湿滞后值为17%。结论 将c–MWCNTs与GO掺杂用于制备湿度传感器,可以检测的相对湿度范围为11%~98%,且c–MWCNTs质量分数为67%时传感器具有较高的灵敏度、良好的线性度、良好的重复性、快速的响应恢复能力和较小的吸湿滞后,在未来包装湿度监控应用方面具有广阔前景。     

还原热处理对石墨烯薄膜导电性的影响

用改进的Hummers法制备了氧化石墨,通过超声、沉聚和自组装等工序制得氧化石墨烯薄膜,真空热处理后获得石墨烯薄膜.利用X射线晶体衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)和拉曼(Raman)光谱等研究了石墨烯薄膜制备过程中各阶段产物的微观特征变化.结果表明,自组装方法制备氧化石墨烯薄膜简单易行,厚度尺寸可控,微观层状结构良好.热处理使石墨烯薄膜具有导电性,随温度升高导电率不断提高,在1 100℃时可达到536 S/cm.     

钒钛酸掺杂聚苯胺的制备与湿敏性能

采用沉淀聚合法,在聚乙二醇的乙醇溶液中制备了钒钛酸掺杂的聚苯胺,并对其进行红外表征和灵敏度、湿滞、电阻特性、电容特性和响应-恢复等湿敏特性研究。结果表明,钒钛酸已掺杂到聚苯胺中,且钒钛酸掺杂聚苯胺的湿敏性能明显优于聚苯胺。当频率为1kHz时该湿敏元件的线性度较好。在11%~97%相对湿度(RH)范围内,电阻变化了3个数量级、灵敏度较高、湿滞回差为5%RH,响应时间为5s,恢复时间为19s,是一种良好的湿敏材料。     

Ni修饰层对SnO2薄膜气敏性能影响

采用磁控溅射技术在SnO2薄膜表面修饰金属Ni，研究Ni修饰量对SnO2薄膜气敏性能影响。对Ni-SnO2薄膜进行表面成分分析，发现Ni的表面含量和化学价态对Ni-SnO2薄膜气敏性能影响至关重要。Ni的表面修饰量在3．4％-8．8％之间将有效提高SnO2薄膜对低浓度氢气的敏感性能。180℃工作温度下，表面含Ni3．4％的SnO2薄膜对1000ppm的氢气灵敏度最高为59．6，同时响应时间和恢复时间降低至15s和125s。Ni修饰量增加到23．4％，薄膜的气敏性能恶化，这是因为修饰层过厚，阻碍气体与SnO2材料接触。同时，XPS证实NiO是增加SnO2薄膜气敏性能的主要物质，增敏机理解释为Ni氧化后形成的NiO在SnO2薄膜上形成p-n结，促进元件的电导变化，从而提高了薄膜的气敏性能。     

超支化聚季胺盐的湿敏响应特性

以超支化结构聚酯为核,制备了超支化聚季胺盐湿敏材料。采用浸涂法制备薄膜电阻型湿敏元件,研究了其湿敏响应特性。发现其在较宽湿度范围(5%～96%RH)具有较高响应灵敏度,且响应快,湿滞小(1%RH)。     

基于梳状分等级结构ZnO纳米带的快速响应VOC气体传感器

通过化学气相沉积法(CVD)合成出梳状分等级结构的ZnO纳米带,使用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对材料组成和结构进行了分析。利用这种材料制备了厚膜型管式气敏元件,并采用静态配气测试系统进行了气敏性能测试。测试结果表明,工作温度大约为225℃时,这种结构的材料对有机挥发性气体(volatile organic compounds,VOC)具有极快的响应和恢复速度,响应时间为2s,恢复时间为3s。最后分析了材料结构对气敏性能的影响。     

Investigations on humidity sensing of nanostructured tin oxide synthesised via mechanochemical method

In this article, nanocrystalline tin oxide powder was prepared by a mechanochemical method. The synthesised powder was characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD shows the crystalline nature of the synthesised material. The crystallite size was estimated using Debye–Scherrer equation and its minimum value was 9?nm. Surface morphologies of the sensing pellets were investigated using SEM. Pellets as well as thick films were used as sensing elements for humidity sensing measurement. Thick film was prepared on alumina substrate using screen printing technique. Solid-state pellets as well as films were subjected to humidity-sensing measurements in a specially designed humidity chamber. Variations in resistance with relative humidity (%RH) were measured. The effects of annealing on the surface morphologies as well as on the sensitivity of the sensor were also investigated. Hysteresis and ageing effects on experimental results were found 60% and 64%, respectively, for the sensing element prepared after annealing at 600°C.     

ZIF-67修饰WO3纳米片的制备及其气敏性能

金属氧化物半导体气敏传感器在有毒有害气体检测领域逐渐表现出巨大的应用前景,但是金属氧化物半导体传感器通常在检测时受环境湿度影响较大,这极大地限制了其应用。本文采用水热法成功在陶瓷管表面原位生长WO₃纳米片,并以此为基底,在其表面生长ZIF-67多孔材料,通过调控W和Co的比例制备了不同比例的ZIF-67/WO₃复合材料,利用XRD、SEM、FTIR和比表面积测试仪(BET)等方法对所制备的材料进行物相和形貌表征。针对其不同比例的复合材料的气敏性能进行了研究。结果表明:W∶Co摩尔比为 1∶1的ZIF-67/WO₃(1∶1)复合材料性能最好,在220℃对三乙胺表现出优异的选择性,对体积分数为100×10?6的三乙胺的响应值可达140.34,响应和恢复时间分别为9 s和7 s。研究了空气相对湿度(RH)对ZIF-67/WO₃(1∶1)传感器的影响,结果表明,在高达75%RH环境下该材料仍能保持较好的响应值,相对于纯WO₃气敏材料具有较好的抗湿性能。      

Fabrication and characterization of nanostructured indium tin oxide film and its application as humidity and gas sensors

This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline indium tin oxide (ITO) and its application as humidity and gas sensors. The structure and crystallite size of the synthesized powder were determined by X-ray diffraction. The minimum crystallite size was found 5 nm by Debye–Scherrer equation and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy image. Optical characterizations of ITO were studied using UV–visible absorption spectroscopy and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. Thermal analysis was carried out by differential scanning calorimetry. Further, the ITO thin film was fabricated using sol–gel spin coating method. The surface morphology of the fabricated film was investigated using scanning electron microscopy images. For the study of humidity sensing, the thin film of ITO was exposed with humidity in a controlled humidity chamber. The variations in resistance of the film with relative humidity were observed. The average sensitivity of the humidity sensor was found 0.70 MΩ/%RH. In addition, we have also investigated the carbon dioxide (CO₂) and liquefied petroleum gas sensing behaviour of the fabricated film. Maximum sensitivity of the film was ~17 towards CO₂. Its response and recovery times were ~5 and 7 min respectively. Sensor based on CO₂ is 97 % reproducible after 3 months of its fabrication. Better sensitivity, small response time and good reproducibility recognized that the fabricated sensor is challenging for the detection of carbon dioxide.     

甲苯传感器的制作及特性

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了NASICON(钠超离子导体)固体电解质材料.利用XRD分析了所制备材料的结构,材料的平均粒径约为22nm.以NASICON为离子导电层,Sm_2O_3为敏感电极制作了具有良好敏感特性的C_7H_8气体传感器.在430℃工作温度下,器件对(5-50)×10~(-6)C_7H_8的灵敏度为-75mV/decade.并且对C_7H_8具有较高的选择性和良好的响应恢复特性,器件对5 × 10~(-6)和50×10~(-6)C_7H_8的响应时间分别为45和35秒,恢复时间分别为8和60秒.对器件的敏感机理做以简要的分析.     

ZnO–TiO 2 nanocomposite: Characterization and moisture sensing studies

This paper reports morphological and relative humidity sensing behaviour of ZnO?CTiO ₂ nanocomposite powder pellets obtained through solid-state reaction route. Resistance of the pellets is observed to decrease with increase in relative humidity in the 10?C90% range. Sensing element with 15 wt % of TiO ₂ in ZnO shows best results with a sensitivity of 9 $\boldsymbol{\cdot}$ 08?M $\boldsymbol{\Omega} $ /%RH in 10?C90% relative humidity range. This sensing element manifests crystallite size of 71?nm as measured from XRD and average grain size of 207?nm calculated from SEM micrograph. This sensing element manifests low hysteresis, less effect of ageing and good reproducibility. Response and recovery times of this sensing element are measured to be 84?s and 396?s, respectively.     

Bi2O3／氧化石墨烯复合催化剂的制备及其爽双基推进剂燃烧催化性能的研究

以氧化石墨、五水硝酸铋等为原料,通过液相化学沉积法制备出Bi2O3／氧化石墨烯（Bi2O3／GO）复合催化剂,采用扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）和X-射线粉末衍射（XRD）对产物的粒子形貌、粒径和物相结构进行了表征,并考察了Bi2O3／GO复合催化剂对双基推进剂燃烧性能的影响,结果表明,产物中Bi2O3以球状粒子的形式均匀地负载在氧化石墨烯表面,平均粒径约40nm。Bi2O3／GO复合催化剂能明显改善推进剂的燃烧性能,使推进剂的燃速提高了139％f4MPa）,压强指数（14～20MPa）从0．650降低至0．253,降低了61．0％。     

Pulsed laser deposited ZnO films and their humidity sensing behavior

The present paper describes an opto-electronic humidity sensor based on thin film of zinc oxide prepared by pulsed laser deposition method. Being optical in nature it gives electromagnetic disturbance-free monitoring. The sensing element is a right-angled isosceles prism with its base coated with ZnO thin film. Films have been characterized by XRD, SEM, and optical transmission. Film grown with substrate at room temperature is amorphous whereas that grown at elevated temperature is single crystalline with grain size 38.52 nm. Film deposited at room temperature is sensitive to humidity over a wide range i.e. 5–90RH% while that deposited at elevated temperature is found to be insensitive to humidity. The sensor shows better sensitivity for higher range of humidity. The response and recovery time of the sensor element have also been evaluated. This sensor configuration can be used for on-line applications and in-situ monitoring.     

Effect of annealing temperature on structural,optical and humidity sensing properties of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films

Tin doped indium oxide (ITO) thin films were prepared by sol–gel spin coating method with In (NO₃)·3H₂O and SnCl₄·5H₂O as indium and tin sources, respectively. The as deposited samples were annealed at various temperature such as, 300, 400, 500 and 600?°C for 2 h in ambient atmosphere. The grown ITO thin films are polycrystalline in nature with cubic structure of In₂O₃ with the space group La3 and the results are in good agreement with the standard JCPDS data (card no#06-0416). In addition crystalline size increases with increasing annealing temperature from 25 to 55 nm. Polycrystalline with uniform smooth surface was observed by SEM micrographs. The optical band gap energy was found to be decreased from 3.85 to 3.23 eV as the annealing temperature is increased from 300 to 600?°C. The humidity sensing performance (high sensitivity and fast response time) was significantly improved for 600?°C thin films samples, which is probably due to smaller energy band gap and physisorption between the water molecules and the surface of the thin films. The films were further characterized by PL and EDS analysis. The effect of temperature on humidity sensing mechanism of ITO thin films is also discussed.     

Electrical and optical properties of ZnO–WO<Subscript>3</Subscript> nanocomposite and its application as a solid-state humidity sensor

This study reports the humidity sensing characteristics of ZnO–WO₃ nanocomposite. Pellet samples of 0–5 weight% ZnO in WO₃ were sintered from 300 to 600 ^° C. When exposed to humidity, the resistance of the sensing samples was found to decrease with increase in relative humidity (RH). Five percent ZnO-doped WO₃ showed maximum sensitivity of 20.95 M Ω/%RH in 15–95% RH range. Sensor parameters like reproducibility, aging, hysteresis, response and recovery times were also studied. Sensing mechanism is discussed in terms of sintering temperature, composition and crystallite size of the sensing element. It was observed that sensing mechanism is strongly based on annealing temperature and percentage of doping. The sensing samples have also been investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The crystalline size of the sample was identified by powder X-Ray Diffraction data. The SEM analysis was used to study the surface morphology. The structure, phase and the degree of crystallinity of the materials were examined by Raman spectroscopy.     

Nitrogen‐Doped Single Graphene Fiber with Platinum Water Dissociation Catalyst for Wearable Humidity Sensor

Humidity sensors are essential components in wearable electronics for monitoring of environmental condition and physical state. In this work, a unique humidity sensing layer composed of nitrogen‐doped reduced graphene oxide (nRGO) fiber on colorless polyimide film is proposed. Ultralong graphene oxide (GO) fibers are synthesized by solution assembly of large GO sheets assisted by lyotropic liquid crystal behavior. Chemical modification by nitrogen‐doping is carried out under thermal annealing in H₂(4%)/N₂(96%) ambient to obtain highly conductive nRGO fiber. Very small (≈2 nm) Pt nanoparticles are tightly anchored on the surface of the nRGO fiber as water dissociation catalysts by an optical sintering process. As a result, nRGO fiber can effectively detect wide humidity levels in the range of 6.1–66.4% relative humidity (RH). Furthermore, a 1.36‐fold higher sensitivity (4.51%) at 66.4% RH is achieved using a Pt functionalized nRGO fiber (i.e., Pt‐nRGO fiber) compared with the sensitivity (3.53% at 66.4% RH) of pure nRGO fiber. Real‐time and portable humidity sensing characteristics are successfully demonstrated toward exhaled breath using Pt‐nRGO fiber integrated on a portable sensing module. The Pt‐nRGO fiber with high sensitivity and wide range of humidity detection levels offers a new sensing platform for wearable humidity sensors.