基于变容积比三缸双级压缩补气增焓技术的家用空气源热泵制热性能分析

在低环境温度工况下，传统空气源热泵存在制热量不足、制热性能系数(COP)低等问题，这导致其热舒适性差和运行经济性差，阻碍了空气源热泵技术在北方寒冷地区的应用。本文将变容积比三缸双级压缩补气增焓技术应用于家用空气源热泵，研究结果表明：该热泵的低温运行工况可低至-35℃;-15℃制热工况的COP可达到1.92;-30℃制热工况下，热泵出风口温度可达47℃。     

低环境温度空气源热泵（冷水）机组新版国家标准解析

介绍GB/T25127.1《低环境温度空气源热泵(冷水)机组第1部分:工业或商业用及类似用途的热泵(冷水)机组》和GB/T25127.2《低环境温度空气源热泵(冷水)机组第2部分:户用及类似用途的热泵(冷水)机组》修订的背景和解决的重点问题,解读新版标准主要内容,包括范围、机组型式、试验工况及允差、性能系数、技术要求、噪声试验方法、水侧压力损失、APF计算和试验方法、融霜试验方法、制热性能试验方法等内容,为相关人员正确理解标准条款和评价产品性能提供技术指导。     

低温名义工况湿球温度偏差对低环境温度空气源热泵(冷水)机组制热量测试结果一致性的影响

利用CNAS-GL02:2014标准中En值方法,分析低环境温度名义工况湿球温度偏差对低温空气源热泵(冷水)机组制热量测试结果一致性的影响程度,以此探讨标准试验工况偏差范围制定依据。     

低环境温度空气源热泵热风机性能试验分析

在低环境温度工况下,分别对6 kW和9 kW名义制热量的低环境温度空气源热泵热风机的性能进行试验。结果表明:低环境温度空气源热泵热风机在-20℃环境温度下具有稳定的制热能力。     

喷气增焓与喷液冷却式空气源热泵在低温环境下实验数据对比及分析

对喷气增焓及喷液冷却式空气源热泵进行了热力学分析,并在低环境温度下对其制热性能进行了数据测试及对比研究,结果表明,随着室外环境温度在10℃～30℃之间下降时,两款热泵耗电量都在逐渐增加,制热量逐渐降低,喷气增焓空气源热泵机组相较喷液冷却式空气源热泵机组的COP下降有变缓趋势,当室外环境温度为-5℃时,喷气增焓热泵的COP为3.03,而喷液冷却式热泵降至2.66;在-20℃时,喷气增焓式热泵COP为2.15,喷液冷却式热泵COP已降至1.88;喷气增焓空气源热泵比喷液冷却式热泵性能提高大概13%左右。喷气增焓空气源热泵机组在低温环境下效率更高。     

两种低环境温度空气源热泵机组的对比试验研究

补气增焓与喷液冷却是低环境温度空气源热泵机组采用的2种主要的技术方案。本文分别采用这2种方案设计R410A低环境温度空气源热泵机组,并对二者的性能进行对比试验研究。结果表明:在制热名义工况下,2种机型的COP均在2.3以上,补气增焓型机组COP高于喷液冷却型机组约6%。变工况制热条件下,当环境温度高于7℃时,喷液冷却型机组制热量高于补气增焓型机组,在环境温度为21℃时,前者高出后者约8%;当环境温度在-10～7℃范围内时,二者制热量差异不明显;当环境温度低于-10℃时,补气增焓型机组制热量高于喷液冷却型机组。环境温度在-25～21℃范围内时,补气增焓型机组制热COP均高于喷液冷却型机组。     

R32喷气增焓空气源热泵的试验研究

本文从标准、理论分析、性能测试、运行费用及节能等方面对R32喷气增焓空气源热泵系统进行分析,结果表明:增加闪蒸器可以使R32低温制热工况排气温度降低35.6℃;在GB/T18430.1—2007名义工况及低温、超低温工况下,系统制冷制热能力都有提高,且制热能力比制冷能力提高更多;R32喷气增焓系统低温制热能力和COP的衰减小于R410A喷气增焓和R410A普通系统,在-5℃、-12℃和-20℃环境温度工况下,R32喷气增焓机组制热能力与名义工况能力的比值(下简称为衰减率)要比R410A喷气增焓系统分别高4%,7%和9%;在-5℃和-12℃环境温度工况下,R32喷气增焓系统的制热能力衰减率要比R410A普通系统分别高14%和20%;R32喷气增焓系统替代常规供暖方式,全年运行费用可节省28.9%;在GB/T25127.1—2010名义制热工况(-12℃环境温度、41℃出水温度)下,R32喷气增焓系统比集中供暖方式节省标准煤30.4%。     

低温空气源热泵(冷水)机组的IPLV(H)评价方法研究

针对低环境温度空气源热泵（冷水）机组（简称低温空气源热泵）标准制定中的制热综合部分负荷性能系数IPLV（H）的评价方法进行了研究。以IPLV的评价思想为指导,根据我国北方寒冷地区的气候条件与建筑热负荷特性,从IPLV（H）计算公式权重系数的确定、部分负荷率测试工况点的选取及制热性能系数COP。的测试方法三个方面进行探讨,提出了适用于寒冷地区计算空气源热泵的IPLV（H）计算公式：IPLV（H）=0．083×A＋0．403×B＋0．386×C＋0．129×D,并给出了机组在100％、75％、50％和25％负荷率下COPh的测试工况和测试方案,为商用和户用低温热泵（冷水）机组的标准制定提供参考。     

低环境温度空气源热泵机组性能试验分析

在低环境温度工况下,分别对定频、普通变频空气源垫泵机组以及带有补气增焓功能的变频空气源热泵机组的性能进行试验。结果表明:变频空气源热泵机组的IPLV明显优于定频空气源热泵机组,且带有补气增焓功能的变频空气源热泵机组在环境温度低于-20℃时比定频、普通变频空气源热泵机组的制热量衰减小,制热效果较优。     

低温空气源热泵技术的应用

介绍带经济器的低温空气源热泵技术,通过对低温空气源热泵机组与普通空气源热泵机组的制冷量、制热量和能效比等参数进行测试及对比,探讨低温空气源热泵技术的应用优势。试验结果表明:与普通机组相比,低温机组在名义制冷和名义制热工况下冷热量和能效均有所提升;在-10~-15℃的环境中,普通机组制热量严重衰减使其不适用于此温度区间,低温机组制热量虽然也在减少,但其COP仍可达2.0,且排气温度相对较低;在-15~-20℃超低温环境中,低温机组仍可稳定运行,且能效比在2.0左右。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。