封面图片说明

封面图片出自论文“工艺参数对7075铝合金板材时效成形性的影响”。为了从微观上探索工艺参数对7075铝合金时效成形后室温拉伸性能的影响情况,对不同时效制度下成形后试件的拉伸断口进行断裂刃口形貌观察。这幅图片为7075铝合金板材在时效制度为180℃／12 h下时效成形后试样的拉伸断口微观扫描形貌,可以看出,断口形貌主要由韧窝组成,并存在高低不一的剪切台阶,韧窝是等轴的,大小不均匀,在高倍扫描下可观察到尺寸较大的韧窝底部残存一些破碎的第二相颗粒,这些说明粗大第二相引发的韧窝断裂是过时效后期的主要断裂方式。该图片反映了过时效后期粗大第二相颗粒析出诱发的韧窝断裂。     

7050铝合金锻件的力学性能和断裂机制研究EI

对７０５０铝合金自由锻件的拉伸性能、断裂韧性及断裂机制进行了研究。结果表明：在垂直于纵向的面上的断裂是延性穿晶断裂，平行于纵向的面上的断裂主要是沿晶断裂。     

7050铝合金锻件的力学性能和断裂机制研究

对７０５０铝合金自由锻件的拉伸性能、断裂韧性及断裂机制进行了研究。结果表明：在垂直于纵向的面上的断裂是延性穿晶断裂，平行于纵向的面上的断裂主要是沿晶断裂。     

3104铝合金板材不同方向拉伸性能及断裂特征的研究

对3104铝合金冷轧板沿轧制方向0°、45°和90°三个方向进行拉伸性能测试,观察断口形貌和显微组织,并分析粗大第二相分布与拉伸方向之间的关系。结果表明,3104铝合金冷轧板材的断口为切变型韧窝断裂特征,裂纹在粗大相自身断裂分离处或者在粗大相尖端处萌生,并在剪切力作用下,以微孔聚合的方式扩展。0°方向拉伸断口韧窝深度最大,延伸率最大;90°方向拉伸断口韧窝深度最小,延伸率最小;而45°方向拉伸断口韧窝深度居中,延伸率也居中。粗大第二相长轴方向和拉伸方向之间的夹角越小,延伸率越大。     

时效制度对7B04铝合金断裂韧性的影响

为研究不同时效制度对7B04铝合金断裂韧性的影响,测定了15种时效工艺的常规力学性能和断裂韧度,并利用扫描电镜对拉伸断口进行分析.通过比较不同时效工艺制度的性能指标和断口形貌,总结出时效制度对7B04铝合金断裂韧度的影响规律.结果表明:随着第二级时效温度的提高和时效时间的延长,7B04铝合金强度下降,断裂韧性提高,其中,温度对性能的影响更大;采用115℃×7 h 185℃×13 h双级时效工艺时,对应的强度和断裂韧度指标均比T73和T76工艺对应的指标高.     

LC4高强铝合金的慢应变速率拉伸试验

采用慢应变速率拉伸 (SSRT)技术测试了LC4铝合金在空气和质量分数为 3.5 %的NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀断裂 (SCC)行为 .研究了应变速率对铝合金SCC行为的影响和氢在LC4高强铝合金应力腐蚀断裂过程中的作用 .试验结果表明 ,LC4合金具有SCC敏感性 ,在潮湿空气中发生应力腐蚀断裂 ,而在干燥空气中不发生应力腐蚀断裂 .对于长横取向的LC4铝合金试样 ,在应变速率为 1.331× 10 6s 1时 ,其SCC敏感性比应变速率为 6 .6 5 5× 10 6s 1时的敏感性大 .在潮湿空气和阳极极化条件下 ,铝合金的应力腐蚀断裂机理是以阳极溶解为主 ,氢几乎不起作用 .在预渗氢或阴极极化条件下 ,氢脆起主要作用 ,预渗氢时间延长可加速LC4合金的应力腐蚀断裂 .     

锻造变形量对7050合金组织和性能的影响

对两种不同锻造变形量的7050铝合金的组织和性能进行研究,分别考察组织均匀性、再结晶分数、粗大第二相比例和拉伸性能、断裂韧性等,分析锻造变形量对7050铝合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,锻造变形量70%样品的再结晶分数(10%)和粗大第二相比例均小于变形量50%的样品,组织均匀性也更好;并且变形量70%样品的强度高出变形量50%样品约30 MPa,延伸率和断裂韧性也明显优于变形量50%的样品。因此,较大的变形量有利于获得均匀的组织和优异的综合性能。     

缺口对7A85铝合金拉伸性能和疲劳性能的影响

在光滑试样表面预制深度为0.1 mm和0.2 mm的环状缺口，研究了不同缺口尺寸对7A85铝合金拉伸性能和疲劳性能的影响，并分析了7A85铝合金含缺口试样的疲劳断裂机理。结果表明，随着缺口深度由0 mm增加至0.2 mm, 7A85铝合金试样的抗拉强度、断后伸长率和疲劳强度分别下降了6%、47.5%、44.4%。缺口对7A85铝合金塑性的影响远大于拉伸强度，且其抗拉强度与疲劳强度呈线性关系。试样疲劳缺口系数随着缺口尺寸和循环次数的增加而增大。7A85铝合金试样的疲劳裂纹源通常是富铁的第二相颗粒，环状缺口根部应力集中促进了多疲劳裂纹源萌生，多个裂纹源同时扩展使得试样有效承载面积快速减少，导致疲劳寿命急剧缩短。     

掺CeO2的B4C／Al复合材料性能的研究

以稀土氧化物CeO2作为添加剂,原位生成CeB6颗粒作为第二相,增强B4C陶瓷预制体,然后以无压浸渗法制得B4C-CeB6／Al复合材料。本文首先研究了B4C-CeB6预制体的相组成和组织形貌,然后对BC-CeB6／Al复合材料的力争性能、相组成、组织形貌以及断裂机制进行了分析。结果表明：B4C-CeB6／Al复合材料的抗弯强度达到了410．16MPa,断裂韧性也有了显著改善,达到了6．95MPa·m^1/2,比常规热压烧结单一碳化硼陶瓷性能有明显提高,这主要是由于原位生成CeB6颗粒增强了B4C陶瓷的强度：同时黏结金属相起到增韧的作用．     

颗粒增强铝基复合材料断裂韧性与拉伸延性的解析模型

基于Eshelby等效夹杂理论及Weibull统计分布,发展了SiCp/Al金属基复合材料断裂韧性与拉伸延性的力学模型.模型的计算表明:当复合材料受外力时,SiC颗粒所受的力与外加应力呈线性关系.随着外加应力的增加,SiC颗粒所受的力也线性增加.同时,外力作用下SiC颗粒的断裂分数服从Weibull统计分布,即SiC颗粒的总体含量越高,其断裂分数就越高.模型关于约化拉伸延性和断裂韧性的计算与实验结果较为吻合.模型的解析和实验结果都表明:拉伸延性与断裂韧性随SiC颗粒体积分数的增加而减小.在相同体积分数的情况下,拉伸延性与断裂韧性随SiC颗粒尺寸的增加而减小.     

Toughening of a brittle thermosetting polymer: Effects of reinforcement particle size and volume fraction

Micron- and nanometer-sized aluminum particles were used as reinforcements to enhance the fracture toughness of a highly-crosslinked, nominally brittle, thermosetting unsaturated polyester resin. Both particle size and particle volume fraction were systematically varied to investigate their effects on the fracture behavior and the fracture toughness. It was observed that, in general, the overall fracture toughness increased monotonically with the volume fraction of aluminum particles, for a given particle size, provided particle dispersion and deagglomeration was maintained. The fracture toughness of the composite was also strongly influenced by the size of the reinforcement particles. Smaller particles led to a greater increase in fracture toughness for a given particle volume fraction. Scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surfaces was employed to establish crack front trapping as the primary extrinsic toughening mechanism. Finally, the effects of particle volume fraction and size on the tensile properties of the polyester-aluminum composite were also investigated. The measured elastic modulus was in accordance with the rule-of-mixtures. Meanwhile, the tensile strength was slightly reduced upon the inclusion of aluminum particles in the polyester matrix.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals containing dispersed TiC particles

The microstructure and mechanical properties of hot-pressed yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP) ceramics containing up to 30 vol % TiC particles were studied. Adding TiC particles to Y-TZP improved the bending strength and fracture toughness. With 20 vol% TiC particles the maximum bending strength and fracture toughness reached 1073±30.4 MPa and 14.56±0.25 MPa m^1/2, respectively. The residual tensile stress induced by the thermal expansion difference between ZrO₂ and TiC must have inhibited the tetragonal-monoclinic transformation. The stress-induced phase transformation was therefore not the dominant toughening mechanism. High-densities of dislocations within TiC particles and microcracking were detected by TEM. The improved toughness of the materials is considered to be the result of crack deflection, crack bowing of TiC particles and microcracking toughening of ZrO₂.     

The failure of large second phase particles in a cracking aluminum alloy

The fracture of large second phase particles in advance of a crack tip was investigated. The experiments allow establishment of a fracture criterion for particles. Fracture toughness is shown to increase almost linearly with particle distance.     

亚微米级Al2O3P/6061Al 复合材料的断裂行为

本文通过对亚微米级Al₂O₃P/6061A l 复合材料的SEM 的动态拉伸观察, 研究了该材料的微观断裂行为及其与宏观力学性能的关系, 定量地描述了亚微米级Al₂O₃P/6061A l 复合材料的断裂过程, 并讨论了该种复合材料的断裂机制。      

Al2O3/ZrO2层状复合陶瓷的显微结构特征与强韧化的关系

利用自带能谱的扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)仪,对Al2O3/ZrO2层状复合陶瓷的显微结构特征及断口形貌进行深入分析研究.研究结果表明:表面压应力的作用细化了晶粒,提高了可相变四方相的含量,增加了相变增韧的效果;沿界面两端表现出2种不同的断裂机制:界面以外靠近表面部分,其断裂主要是穿晶断裂;在基体层的断裂则表现为沿晶和穿晶混合型断裂方式.该断裂行为与ZrO2层状陶瓷的相变增韧机制密切相关.     

激光增材制造镍基复合材料界面连接机制与断裂行为

基于颗粒增强镍基复合材料优异的结构/功能特性，在航空航天、核电军工和电子电工等领域有着广泛的应用前景。本文选用机械球磨混粉+激光选区熔化方法 (SLM)制备了碳化钨(WC)颗粒增强IN718复合材料(WC/IN718)，对复合材料内部异质界面连接机制、强化机制和断裂行为进行了分析。研究结果表明：随着WC颗粒含量的增加(0wt%～20wt%)，试件成形良好，WC颗粒均匀分布在基体内部，异质界面处无缺陷产生，界面处产生了贫碳的W₂C层和碳化物层，基体合金主要呈柱状晶生长。由于熔池内部能量密度分布不同，低温位置WC颗粒的断裂方式为先形成界面反应层后由热应力引起断裂，高温位置WC颗粒优先发生断裂，断裂成小尺寸颗粒，后与熔化的基体合金形成界面反应层，弥散分布在基体内部。随着WC颗粒含量的增加，复合材料的强度呈现升高的趋势，而断裂韧性降低，抗拉强度最高可达1 280 MPa，强化机制主要为载荷传递强化，断裂机制为WC颗粒的脆性断裂和基体合金的韧性断裂。     

PSF/环氧共混基体体系增韧机理研究

通过对PSF/环氧共混体系剥离强度、DMA 及SEM 断口图象的分析研究, 揭示了共混体系相结构演变与脆韧转变的对应关系和增韧机理。研究表明, 当共混体系形成较均匀完整的PSF 连续网膜包覆环氧球粒分散相结构,并且网膜厚度小于0. 04 Lm 时, 体系呈现高韧性, 此时体系由断面上高韧性的PSF 网膜产生大量的塑性变形吸收能量而使体系增韧, 不同于传统“海岛结构”的增韧结构和机理, 研究结果对开发高韧性先进复合材料基体和结构胶粘剂具有重要意义。     

耐热钢时效后韧度与强度变化的机理

采用冲击试验仪器化试验方法和拉伸试验方法对汽轮机缸体用耐热钢不同状态（未经时效、经过593℃时效5600h）的动态断裂韧度及抗拉强度和塑性进行了研究,同时进行了SEM和物相分析。结果表明,在不同试验温度条件下,与未时效相比,经时效后材料的KId值和断口的侧膨胀值均有所降低;抗拉强度稍有增加,塑性略有降低。在时效试样的晶内与晶界处碳化物数量略有增加,主要是含铬的M23C6相有微量从基体中弥散析出;部分碳化物颗粒发生聚集和长大,试样中第二相平均粒径相对稍大。     

Damage zone around crack tip and fracture toughness of rubber-modified epoxy resin under mixed-mode conditions

Damage zones that form around crack tips before the onset of fracture provide significant data for evaluating the fracture behavior of polymeric materials. The size of the damage zone correlates closely with the fracture toughness of the resin. In this study, we investigate the relationship between the fracture toughness and damage zone size around crack tips of a rubber-modified epoxy resin under mixed-mode conditions. The fracture toughness, G_C, based on the energy release rate, is measured using an end-notched circle type (ENC) specimen. The deformation of rubber particles in the damage zones is also observed using an optical microscope. The results show that the fracture toughness, G_C, of the rubber-modified epoxy resin is closely related to the area of the damage zone. In the specimen with a loading angle of 30°, the rubber particles were deformed ellipsoidally due to the difference between the first and second principal stresses.     

Fracture properties of bamboo

Bamboo is a typical natural composite material, which is longitudinally reinforced by strong fibers. The fibers are distributed densely in the outer surface region, and sparsely in the inner surface region, and their volume fraction changes with respect to radius. The structure of bamboo has been characterized by tensile tests and its mechanical properties have been related to its structure.This paper presents the fracture toughness of bamboo culms and nodes. A notch is inserted into the culm and node specimens using a razor blade with a thickness of 0.4 mm. Tensile tests are carried out to evaluate fracture toughness. The average value obtained was 56.8 MPa m^1/2, which is higher than that of Al-alloy. It was concluded that the fracture toughness of the bamboo culm depends on the volume fraction of fibers.