二氧化铀芯块低温烧结机理的研究

基于PDM(point defect model),研究了UO2 x在微氧化性气氛下低温烧结的机理.理论讨论和试验验证了UO2低温烧结时铀离子的体扩散系数、低温烧结温度和致密化动力学方程.结果表明,在UO2中掺入多余氧可使铀离子的扩散激活能降低约3.0eV,铀离子的扩散激系数DUx∝x2,二氧化铀低温烧结的理论温度约为1089～1151℃,采用UO2 x坯块是实现低温烧结的必要条件.本模型理论计算的结果与试验数据符合较好,能很好地表征缺陷浓度随气氛变化的特点.     

二氧化铀核燃料芯块烧结工艺的发展概况

介绍了当今世界上二氧化铀芯块的主要烧结方法,详细讨论了各种工艺方法的特点、优点及不足,提出了综合改进烧结方法的建议.并简要介绍了二氧化铀核燃料芯块的烧结理论.     

UO2+x芯块低温烧结的活化机理

报道了UO2+x芯块低温烧结实验的结果.12组芯块在N2+CO2组成的部分氧化气氛下于立式钼丝炉中低温烧结.UO2芯块要获得密度为10.41g/cm3(94.98％理论密度)需在氢气氛中于2073～2273K下烧结,而UO2+x芯块实现该密度的烧结温度可降低400K以上.建立了超氧化铀缺陷模型来研究低温烧结的活化机理.研究发现铀离子扩散系数与气氛中氧分压或是UO2+x中x成正比.利用铀离子的扩散系数,可预测UO2+x芯块在1073、1273、1473和1673K温度下的烧结密度；还可算出x=0.04时,UO2+x芯块在部分氧化气氛下的理论烧成温度.计算所得烧结密度和烧成温度与实验结果符合得很好.     

关于PZT压电陶瓷低温活化烧结的研究进展

从原料制备、烧结助剂、烧结工艺等方面详细介绍了促进PZT压电陶瓷低温活化烧结的方法,分析了晶体缺陷促进活化烧结的原理,并简要说明了烧结技术的发展方向.指出,在材料制备与应用的过程中,缺陷的生成对研究活化烧结工艺、降低制造成本以及制备性能优良的PZT压电陶瓷都具有重要的意义.     

粉体表面包碳对3Y-TZP陶瓷烧结性能及微观结构的影响

采用对纳米氧化锆陶瓷粉体表面包碳,研究了在不同烧结工艺下,碳含量(0%～7.0%(wt))的变化对纳米氧化锆陶瓷烧结性能及微观结构的影响.分析结果表明:包裹少量碳能明显提高烧结活性,增大烧结坯密度.在本实验条件下,碳含量为1.5wt%的纳米氧化锆陶瓷在1250℃低温氧化气氛中烧结,可得到相对密度约为96%、晶粒尺寸约为85m的陶瓷体,此后随着碳含量的增加,致密度减小;采用真空烧结,由于碳没有被氧化,包裹层的存在阻止了晶界的扩散,延缓了陶瓷体烧结的致密化过程,烧结性能较差;同时碳的加入有效地抑制了晶粒的长大.     

微波低温烧结制备氮化铝透明陶瓷

微波烧结(Microwave Sintering)是一种新型、高效的烧结技术, 具有传统烧结技术无可比拟的优越性. 本文在不添加任何烧结助剂的前提下, 采用高纯微米级氮化铝(AlN)粉, 在1700℃/2h的微波低温烧结工艺条件下制备出透明度较高的AlN透明陶瓷. 分析结果表明, 采用微波低温烧结工艺制备的AlN透明陶瓷晶粒尺寸细小(<10μm), 晶粒发育完善且分布均匀, 晶界平直光滑且无第二相分布, 从而证明用微波烧结可以实现AlN透明陶瓷的低温烧结.     

AIN陶瓷基板材料热导率与烧结助剂的研究进展

AIN陶瓷因具有高热导率、低介电常数、与硅相匹配的热膨胀系数等优异性能,被认为是替代Al2O3和BeO陶瓷的理想基板材料.主要讨论了AIN陶瓷的导热机理及影响热导率的因素;介绍了A1N陶瓷烧结助刑的选取原则、几种烧结助刺的作用机理及优缺点,并从高温烧结助剂体系和低温烧结助剂体系2个方面介绍了AIN陶瓷研究的最新进展.     

放电等离子烧结制备高纯Ta2AlC陶瓷及其高温氧化行为

以Ta粉、Al粉和炭黑粉为原料,利用自蔓延高温合成、无压烧结和放电等离子烧结组合工艺,成功制备了高纯Ta2AlC块体陶瓷,研究了放电等离子烧结制备的Ta2AlC块体的微观形貌与性能.制备的Ta2AlC块体的硬度、弯曲强度和断裂韧性分别为5.6 GPa、510 MPa和6.16 MPa·m1/2.放电等离子烧结工艺升温速率快、烧结时间短、制备的陶瓷晶粒细小,细晶强化效果明显,使得块体陶瓷有明显的高硬度和强度.Ta2AlC陶瓷在700～900℃空气中恒温氧化时,表现出线性氧化动力学特征,氧化层的主要成分从700℃的Ta2O5逐渐转变成800～900℃时的Ta2O5和AlTaO4.     

液相烧结SiC陶瓷的研究进展

综述了液相烧结SiC陶瓷的烧结添加剂体系、烧结工艺、烧结机理,并简要介绍了几种新的烧结方法.介绍了液相烧结SiC的微观结构和性能,讨论了SiC-YAG及SiC-Al-BC烧结体系的特点和烧结体性能,简述了利用SPS、微波烧结等新方法制备液相烧结SiC陶瓷的机理及研究进展.     

微波等离子体烧结陶瓷的研究进展

从微波等离子体的特点、其应用于烧结陶瓷的特点及适用范围、主要烧结过程和实验装置等几个方面介绍了微波等离子体这一新型烧结技术.同时综述了近几年来微波等离子体新型烧结技术在陶瓷烧结方面的最新的应用研究进展.     

掺Sr铬酸镧粉体的合成及低温烧结行为研究

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了La_1-xSr_xCrO₃纳米粉体并实现了低温致密烧结, 用X射线衍射仪、透射电镜、差示扫描量热分析仪和扫描电镜对粉体和烧结体进行分析. 结果表明: 粉体的平均直径<50nm, 当x=0, 0.1时, 粉体为单一的La_1-xSr_xCrO₃, x=0.3时存在第二相SrCrO₄. Sr掺杂使铬酸镧晶格产生畸变, 随Sr含量的增加, 晶格常数逐渐变小. 铬酸镧纳米粉体的烧结分为两个阶段, 1200℃以前的缓慢放热和1350℃左右的较快放热, 分别对应烧结的初期和中期. 依据DSC分析结果制订了烧结工艺, 并在1380℃烧结得到相对密度91％的铬酸镧烧结体.     

Cold sintering of ceramics and glasses: A review

Traditionally ceramic artifacts are processed at high temperatures (>1000 °C) by classical sintering techniques such as solid state, liquid phase and pressure-assisted sintering. Recently, inspired from the geology, novel sintering approaches that allow the densification of ceramic components at relatively low temperatures ≤400 °C have been proposed. While initial efforts for such low temperature densification concept were developed in the mid-70s, the topic has become increasingly prominent in the last decade. Currently, these low temperature methods can be classified into four main groups: (i) hydrothermal reaction sintering (HRS), (ii) hydrothermal hot pressing (HHP), (iii) pressure-assisted densification techniques: room-temperature densification (RTD), cold sintering (CS), warm press (WP), and finally no-pressure assisted method called (iv) reactive hydrothermal liquid phase densification (rHLPD). Above named techniques are commonly assisted by an aqueous solution used as either reactant or transient liquid phase to assist densification. Starting from the background in traditional sintering processes, this review aims to explore in depth the existing literature about low temperature densification approaches along with their advantages & disadvantages, and probable application areas.     

Manganous-zinc ferrites synthesized out of MnO

Manganous-zinc ferrites are best prepared directly from MnO and can be conveniently pressed with non-volatilizable binders such as polyvinyl alcohol which however can be burnt out without oxidizing the Mn²⁺ in the ferrite by sintering in a static atmosphere generated by the thermal dissociation of active ferric oxide pellets placed out of contact with the ferrite in the closed sintering unit. Such a process eliminates cracks and rejections in the sintered pieces besides giving very satisfactory and reproducible results. NCL Communication No. 3059     

Y_2O_3和TiO_2烧结剂对制备β-Sialon陶瓷烧结性能的影响

以金属Al粉、单质Si粉、α-Al_2O_3微粉为主要原料,高温氮化反应制备β-Sialon陶瓷。通过在反应物中分别添加不同含量的Y_2O_3和TiO_2烧结剂,研究分析和对比了Y~(3+)和Ti~(4+)对β-Sialon陶瓷晶相组成、晶格常数、微观结构及烧结性能的影响。采用SEM及EDS对试样的微观形貌进行观察与分析,利用X'Pert Plus软件分析晶相的晶格常数,采用半定量法计算试样晶相组成。结果表明:Y_2O_3和TiO_2可显著降低高温氮化法制备β-Sialon陶瓷试样中β-Sialon相的生成温度。伴随着Y_2O_3和TiO_2的引入,Al_2O_3在Si3N4中的固溶度提高,β-Sialon晶相的生成量增加,晶格常数和晶胞体积增大,烧结性能得到改善。综合对比分析,Y_2O_3和TiO_2均对制备β-Sialon陶瓷具有良好的促烧结作用,用成本较低的TiO_2代替传统的稀土氧化物作为助烧结剂无压烧结制备β-Sialon陶瓷是可行的。     

低温烧结Cu、Zn掺杂Co2-Y平面六角铁氧体及其频率特性

报道了通过BiO3的掺杂而获得的较低温度（870℃左右）下烧成的Y型平面六角结构软磁铁氧体的烧结工艺,结构特征及其磁导率和介电常数的频率特性,研究发现Cu,Zn掺杂的Co2Y型软磁铁氧体材料（Ba2Co1.2-xZnxCu0.8Fe12O22)在甚高频段具有良好的磁性能和介电性能,且此种材料烧结温度低,易于实现低温烧结,是一种可以用于甚高频段的理想的软磁材料。     

Sol-gel microsphere pelletization: A powder-free advanced process for fabrication of ceramic nuclear fuel pellets

Hydrated gel-microspheres of U, Pu, Th oxide or oxide plus carbon mixture of diameter 400–800μ were prepared by ammonia gelation processes. They were dried and subjected to suitable treatment for obtaining free-flowing oxide, carbide or nitride micro-spheres of diameter 200–400μ suitable for direct pelletization and sintering. The oxide, carbide and nitride pellets were, in general, sintered at high temperature in Ar+8% H₂. However, for UO₂ and (U, Pu)O₂ pellets low temperature (1200 °C), short duration (1 h) oxidative (CO₂ or N₂+air) sintering (LTS) was also successful, thereby reducing electrical energy and gas consumption during sintering. Thus, the combined SGMP-LTS process simultaneously minimized “radiotoxic dust hazard” and fuel fabrication cost in case of UO₂ and (U, Pu) O₂ pellets.     

Co-precipitation synthesis and characterization of NiO-Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 nanocomposite powders: effect of precipitation agents

NiO-Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 (NiO-SDC) nanocomposite powders applied as promising anode material for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) were synthesized by hydroxide co-precipitation method using NH3 x H2O, NaOH and NH3 x H2O + NaOH as precipitation agents. The crystal phases, morphologies and sintering behavior of the synthesized NiO-SDC nanocomposite powders were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and sintering experiments. The effect of precipitation agents on the synthesis of the NiO-SDC nanocomposite powders was discussed. Results show that different precipitation agents influence greatly the synthesis and characteristics of the NiO-SDC nanocomposite powders. The NiO-SDC nanocomposite powders synthesized with NH3 x H2O deviate from the original composition due to the loss of Ni. The loss of Ni is avoided and nano-sized NiO-SDC composite powders are synthesized, when NaOH and NH3 x H2O + NaOH are used as precipitation agents. The NiO-SDC nanocomposite powders can be synthesized at relatively low temperature using NH3 x H2O + NaOH as precipitation agent, and the synthesized NiO-SDC nanocomposite powders show good sintering characteristics.     

烧结助剂(Y3+、La3+和Mg2+)对半透明氧化铝陶瓷的透光率的影

通过化学沉淀法引入烧结助剂Y³⁺、La³⁺和Mg²⁺, 采用真空烧结工艺制备了半透明Al₂O₃陶瓷, 并研究了烧结助剂对烧结材料的微观结构、相对密度和透光率的影响。结果表明: 引入的烧结助剂能均匀分散在合成的半透明Al₂O₃陶瓷中。烧结助剂的最佳引入量为Mg²⁺(0.15wt%)、Y³⁺(0.05wt%)和La³⁺(0.05wt%), 对应的试样在350~800 nm的波长范围内显示出的最高的总透光率(TFT)高于80%。此外, Y³⁺的掺杂可以促进晶粒生长, 降低孔隙率, 从而提高半透明Al₂O₃陶瓷的透光率。     

La2NiMnO6双钙钛矿陶瓷的等离子活化烧结

针对常压烧结La₂NiMnO₆ (简称LNMO)双钙钛矿陶瓷存在的烧结温度高、致密度低、工艺周期长等问题, 采用等离子活化烧结技术(Plasma Activated Sintering, 简称PAS)制备LNMO陶瓷, 主要研究了烧结工艺(温度、压力) 对其物相结构、显微形貌、致密度和介电性能的影响, 以期得到物相单一、结构致密、性能良好的LNMO双钙钛矿陶瓷。利用X射线衍射仪、阿基米德排水法、扫描电子显微镜、阻抗分析仪等手段, 系统测试表征了LNMO陶瓷的结构与性能。结果表明: 升高烧结温度有利于改善LNMO陶瓷的结晶性并增大晶粒尺寸, 但过高温度会导致杂相生成; 增大烧结压力对物相无明显影响, 但在一定程度上提升了致密度。确定了较适宜的PAS条件为: 烧结温度975~1000 ℃、烧结压力80 MPa, 在此条件下烧结得到的LNMO陶瓷为单一的正交结构, 致密度为92%, 具有较大的介电常数(~10 ⁶)。与常压烧结相比, 等离子活化技术集等离子体活化、压力、电阻加热为一体, 可在更低温度(降低400~500 ℃)和更短时间(缩短2~20 h)内获得较为致密的LNMO陶瓷。