蔗渣木聚糖没食子酸酯-g-LME/AA/AM复合功能性衍生物的合成与表征

以蔗渣木聚糖为主要原料,没食子酸为酯化剂,在丙酮溶剂中合成蔗渣木聚糖没食子酸酯。然后在交联剂N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺和引发剂过硫酸铵作用下,引发抗坏血酸(LME)、丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)与蔗渣木聚糖没食子酸酯发生接枝共聚反应,合成了蔗渣木聚糖没食子酸酯-g-LME/AA/AM复合功能性衍生物。考察了接枝共聚反应时间、反应温度、引发剂浓度、蔗渣木聚糖没食子酸酯与混合单体质量比对接枝率(G)、接枝效率(GE)的影响。确定了适宜的接枝共聚反应条件:反应时间5h,反应温度45℃,引发剂浓度0.008mol/L,m(蔗渣木聚糖没食子酸酯)∶m(混合单体)=1∶2。在该反应条件下,G可达31.02%,GE可达76%。采用傅里叶红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪对蔗渣木聚糖和产物的结构进行了表征。     

AM/MMA-BX交联型接枝共聚物的合成与表征

以蔗渣木聚糖(BX)为主要原料,过硫酸铵为引发剂,N′,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAM)为交联剂,在水溶液中与丙烯酰胺(AM)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)接枝共聚,合成了AM/MMA-BX交联型接枝共聚物。考察了BX与混合单体(AM-MMA)质量比、单体配比、引发剂浓度、反应温度、反应时间、反应体系溶剂用量、交联剂MBAM用量等对单体转化率(C)、接枝率(G)和接枝效率(GE)的影响。实验确定的较佳反应条件为:m(BX)∶m(AM-MMA)=1∶1,单体配比n(AM)∶n(MMA)=2∶1,引发剂浓度0.043mol·L-1,反应温度55℃,反应时间8.0h,m(BX)∶V(溶剂)=3∶25(g/mL),m(BX)∶m(MBAM)=3∶0.07。采用IR,SEM,XRD对蔗渣木聚糖和接枝共聚物的结构进行了表征。IR在1668cm-1、1737cm-1处出现特征峰;SEM显示颗粒表面结构比改性前光滑,没有粗糙和较大的沟壑;XRD说明分子排列的规整性提高,结晶度增加,结晶区域变大。     

氧化木薯淀粉与丙烯酸丁酯/醋酸乙烯酯的接枝共聚反应研究

以过硫酸铵为引发剂,以氧化后的木薯淀粉为接枝骨架,制备了氧化淀粉-丙烯酸丁酯-醋酸乙烯酯接枝共聚物.考察了氧化剂浓度对黏度及引发剂浓度、单体浓度、反应温度和反应时间对接枝率、接枝效率的影响.实验结果表明,在氧化剂浓度为0.04mol/L,引发剂浓度为9×10-3mol/L,单体浓度为1.0mol/L,反应温度为65℃,反应3h时,反应体系的接枝率和接枝效率较高.通过红外光谱对接枝共聚物进行了结构表征.     

季鏻盐型阳离子淀粉接枝共聚物的制备与表征

以玉米淀粉为原料,过硫酸铵和亚硫酸氢钠作为引发剂,丙烯酰胺(AM)和对乙烯基苄基三丁基氯化鳞(VBTBPC)为单体,在水相体系中制备了季磷盐型阳离子淀粉接枝共聚物。研究了丙烯酰胺浓度、单体配比对反应接枝率(G)、接枝效率(E)、产率(Y)的影响,并对接枝共聚物的阳离子度(CD)和单体的反应效率(RE)做了探讨。采用红外光谱、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对接枝共聚物结构、结晶性和表面形貌分别进行了分析。结果表明,VBTBPC和AM接枝到了淀粉大分子上,其结晶性比淀粉的结晶性弱。保持单体总质量不变,当n_(AM):n_(VBTBPC)的值等于1.5时,接枝共聚物的接枝率和阳离子度达到最大值,分别为98%和0.21。     

纸包装材料用淀粉/丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物制备工艺的研究

以过硫酸铵为引发剂,研究了纸包装材料用淀粉/丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物制备工艺,对引发剂浓度、反应温度、单体浓度、反应时间、糊化温度等反应条件进行了考察。结果表明,制备的最佳工艺条件为:糊化温度80℃,单体浓度0.7mol/L,引发剂浓度2.19mmoL/L,反应温度60℃,反应时间3h,单体和引发剂分两次投加。     

机械活化玉米淀粉-丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸三元反相乳液接枝共聚反应

以机械活化淀粉为基材,丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)为单体,采用反相乳液法合成了接枝共聚物;考察了各因素对接枝共聚反应的影响.实验结果表明,在实验考察范围内的适宜反应条件为引发剂浓度7.30 mmo/L、丙烯酸中和度80%、m(AM):m(从)=0.67、V(油):V(水)=1.2:1、反应温度50℃、m(单体):m...     

淀粉/BA-VAc接枝共聚物的合成及应用研究

以过硫酸铵为引发剂，研究了玉米淀粉与丙烯酸丁酯和醋酸乙烯酯接枝共聚合反应的规律。实验结果表明，单体浓度０．９７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，引发剂浓度９．１×１０－３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，反应温度６８℃，反应３ｈ时，反应体系的接枝率较高。通过红外光谱和Ｘ射线粉末衍射对接枝共聚物进行了结构分析。笔者以该接枝共聚物为基料，采用计算机辅助法设计出最优工艺配方，在国内首次研制生产出性能优异的功能性粘接材料     

淀粉-丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵接枝共聚物的制备与表征

采用过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,将玉米淀粉与丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DAC)接枝聚合,制备了一系列分子中含有阳离子季铵基团的淀粉--DAC接枝共聚物.研究了单体用量、引发剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对接枝体系阳离子度的影响,探讨了过硫酸铵引发淀粉接枝DAC共聚反应的基本规律.并用FTIR、X-ray和1H-NMR等表征手段对接枝共聚物进行了结构分析.     

红薯渣接枝乙酸乙烯酯复合材料的制备及反应动力学研究

以过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,乙酸乙烯酯为接枝单体,制备了红薯渣接枝乙酸乙烯酯接枝共聚物,通过IR及SEM等测试对接枝共聚物进行了表征。考察了红薯渣接枝乙酸乙烯酯聚合反应过程中引发剂浓度、单体浓度、红薯渣浓度对接枝聚合反应速率的影响,关联出在低引发剂浓度下,接枝聚合反应的速率方程为:Rg∝K[M]~(0.37)[AGU]~(0.57)[APS]~(0.28)。     

丙烯酸丁酯接枝玉米淀粉的研制

以硝酸铈铵为引发剂,以未经精制处理的丙烯酸丁酯为接枝单体,在水相介质中制备了玉米淀粉接枝丙烯酸丁酯;研究了单体浓度、引发剂浓度、反应气氛等对接枝反应的影响;对产物进行了红外光谱分析,用偏光显微镜观察了原淀粉和接枝产物的结晶形态.结果表明:随着单体浓度和引发剂浓度的增大,产物的接枝率和接枝效率而增大;在氮气气氛中反应得到的接枝率和接枝效率较高;发现接枝反应明显地破坏了淀粉的结晶结构.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。