纳米晶材料热力学函数及其在相变热力学中的应用

在应用界面膨胀模型和普适状态研究纳米晶界面热力学特性的基础上,发展了纳米晶整体材料热力学函数的计算模型,给出了以纳米晶界面上的原子分数作为权重的纳米晶体单相材料的焓、熵、自由能随界面过剩体积、温度以及晶粒尺寸发生变化的明确表达式.由此可以定量预测纳米晶材料发生相变的特征温度和临界尺寸.并以Co纳米晶为计算实例,对其相变参量进行了预测,计算结果全面证实了已有文献报道中的实验结果.由此,可以预测晶粒尺寸降低到几十纳米以下时,材料高温相的热稳定性将会增强.     

金属Cu纳米晶体的显微硬度及微结构研究

为了研究自悬浮-模压法制备的纳米金属晶体材料的有关性能及微观结构特征,采用自悬浮定向流技术制备出纳米Cu粉,经过常温模压得到金属Cu纳米晶体材料,测试了样品的室温显微硬度,并探讨了不同的压制工艺对金属Cu纳米晶体材料显微硬度的影响;利用X射线衍射谱和正电子湮没技术分别分析了纳米Cu晶体的平均晶粒尺寸和其内部的孔隙状态.研究结果表明:金属Cu纳米晶体的平均晶粒尺寸为25 nm,显微硬度随压制工艺而变化,达1.55～1.90GPa,为粗晶Cu的3～4倍;材料内部缺陷大部分为单空位和空位簇,微孔隙的数量很少.     

TiN／NbN纳米多层薄膜的交变应力场和超硬效应

为了研究纳米多层薄膜的超硬效应，采用反应溅射法制备从1.4nm至27nm不同调制周期的一系列TiN/NbN纳米多层膜。高分辨电子显微镜参薄膜的调制结构和界面生长方式的观察发现，TiN/NbN膜具有很好的调制结构，并呈现以面心立方晶体结构穿过调制界面外延生长的多晶超晶格结构特征。显微硬度测量表明，TiN/NbN纳米多层膜存在随调制周期变化的超硬效应。薄膜在调制周期为8.3nm时达到HK39.0 Gpa的最高硬度。分析认为，两种不同晶格常数的晶体外延生长形成的交变应力场，对材料有强化作用，这是TiN/NbN纳米多层膜产生超硬效应的主要原因。     

纤维素纳米晶体增强生物塑料复合材料的研究进展

采用天然纤维素制备的纤维素纳米晶体具有高强度、高模量和可降解等物理性能而被广泛的作为生物降解塑料的增强材料。根据目前国内外研究现状,本文综述了可降解生物塑料的种类及纤维素纳米晶体的制备方法,概述了纤维素纳米晶体/生物塑料复合材料的界面改性方法,并对纳米纤维素晶体对复合材料的性能的影响进行了总结。     

TiN/NbN纳米多层薄膜的交变应力场和超硬效应

为了研究纳米多层薄膜的超硬效应 ,采用反应溅射法制备从 1 4nm至 2 7nm不同调制周期的一系列TiN/NbN纳米多层膜。高分辨电子显微镜对薄膜的调制结构和界面生长方式的观察发现 ,TiN/NbN膜具有很好的调制结构 ,并呈现以面心立方晶体结构穿过调制界面外延生长的多晶超晶格结构特征。显微硬度测量表明 ,TiN/NbN纳米多层膜存在随调制周期变化的超硬效应。薄膜在调制周期为 8 3nm时达到HK39 0GPa的最高硬度。分析认为 ,两种不同晶格常数的晶体外延生长形成的交变应力场 ,对材料有强化作用 ,这是TiN/NbN纳米多层膜产生超硬效应的主要原因     

超细晶/纳米晶反Hall-Petch变形机制最新研究进展

晶粒细化是提高晶体材料力学性能的一种有效强化方式,Hall-Petch关系表明晶体材料的屈服强度和硬度随晶粒尺寸降低而增强.随着超细晶材料和纳米材料的深入研究,实验发现了反Hall-Petch现象,即随着晶粒尺寸的减小,材料性能下降.综述了反Hall-Petch现象中屈服强度、显微硬度及模拟现状,并指出了超细晶和纳米晶细化晶粒的研究方向.     

人体牙齿的显微组织及纳米力学性能

采用光学显微镜、能谱扫描电镜、高分辨透射电镜以及纳米力学探针等设备对人体牙齿的显微组织及纳米力学性能进行了研究。结果表明: 牙本质由规则排列的牙本质小管和基质组成,牙釉质由不同方向的釉柱及柱间质组成,牙本质与牙釉质之间有明显的界面;牙釉质中的Ca和P含量明显高于牙本质中的含量,而C含量明显低于牙本质中的含量。牙釉质中发现有大量的磷灰石晶体结构,而牙本质中则明显缺少。力学性能结果显示,牙釉质的纳米硬度平均为4.4 GPa,弹性模量为81 GPa,而牙本质的纳米硬度平均为1.0 GPa,弹性模量为26 GPa。牙釉质高的硬度和弹性模量与含有大量的羟基磷灰石晶体组织有关,Ca和P促进了该晶体组织形成。      

衬底偏压对CrN／Si3N4纳米多层膜结构和力学性能的影响

采用磁控溅射法在不同基底偏压条件下制备了CrN／Si3N4纳米多层膜,用x射线衍射仪、原子力显微镜及纳米压痕仪表征,结果表明,衬底偏压对CrN／Si3N4纳米多层膜微观结构、界面结构、硬度和磨损性能有重要影响;漂浮电位时,导致多层膜界面粗糙,CrN呈（200）、（111）共同生长,硬度和弹性模量低;当偏压变化时,界面宽度和粗糙度变化不大,硬度和模量变化的主要原因是不同衬底偏压下的晶格畸变导致两层材料弹性模量变化和晶粒尺寸变化。与漂浮电位相比,涂层的屈服应力和断裂韧性有所增强。     

氧杂质致Ti-Si-N薄膜高硬度损失的机理

基于纳米复合Ti-Si-N薄膜硬度对界面相微结构及微尺度变化极为敏感的实验事实,定量表征了薄膜的硬度与氧杂质含量的关系.结果表明,与高纯度薄膜40-55 GPa高硬度比较,1%-1.5%的氧杂质含量导致薄膜的硬度下降到30 GPa左右.根据纳米晶界面原子模型和实验结果,氧杂质与纳米尺度界面交互作用所引发的微尺度缺陷是硬度下降的诱因,晶界面的氧杂质密度是薄膜高硬度损失程度的决定因素,单个纳米晶周围的氧杂质覆盖度达到10个原子以上时,薄膜的硬度只能达到30 GPa.     

偏压对CrN/Si3N4纳米多层膜结构、硬度和断裂韧性的影响

利用磁控溅射法在不同基底偏压条件下制备了CrN/Si3N4纳米多层膜,分别用X射线衍射仪、原子力显微镜及纳米压痕仪表征多层膜的微观结构及力学性能,结果表明,衬底偏压对CrN/Si3N4纳米多层膜微观结构、界面结构、硬度和磨损性能有重要影响。漂浮电位时多层膜界面粗糙,CrN呈(200)、(111)共同生长,硬度和弹性模量低,有偏压且变化时界面宽度和粗糙度变化不大,硬度和模量变化的主要原因是不同衬底偏压下的晶格畸变导致两层材料弹性模量变化和晶粒尺寸变化。基底偏压的优化有助于改善涂层的屈服应力和断裂韧性。     

Enhancement of gas sensing properties of CdS nanowire/ZnO nanosphere composite materials at room temperature by visible-light activation

CdS nanowire/ZnO nanosphere materials (CdS/ZnO) with hierarchical structure were synthesized by a three-step solvothermal process. XRD, FESEM and TEM analysis confirmed the growth of ZnO nanospheres on the surface of CdS nanowires (NWs). The transient photovoltage (TPV) measurements revealed that the interface between CdS and ZnO can inhibit the recombination of photogenerated excess carriers and prolong the lifetime of excess carriers in CdS/ZnO materials. Moreover, the CdS/ZnO materials exhibit a dramatic improvement in optoelectronic performance and visible-light-irradiation gas sensing activity, which gave 1 order of magnitude larger than that of CdS NWs in response to formaldehyde. The enhancement of sensing properties is attributed to the interfacial transport of excess carriers.     

Effect of the presence of excess ammonium ions on the clay surface on permeation properties of epoxy nanocomposites

Epoxy nanocomposites with commercially and self-modified montmorillonites of different cation exchange capacities carrying ammonium modifications of various chemical architectures were synthesized using solution casting approach. The commercially treated montmorillonites were observed to contain a large excess of unbound ammonium ions on the surface, which had a negative impact on the permeation properties of the composites owing to the suspected interactions of these unbound ammonium ions with the epoxy polymer. The permeation behavior was significantly improved when self-modified clays free of any excess ammonium modification were used. The microstructure development was unaffected by the physical state of the clay surface indicating that the potential changes in the polymer properties at the interface as well as interfacial interactions in the composites carrying the commercially modified clays may have led to increase in the free volume. Optimal preparation of the clay surface holds the key to achieve enhancement in the composite performance.     

Total internal reflection fluorescence and electrocapillary investigations of adsorption at a H2O-dichloroethane electrochemical interface. 1. Low-frequency behavior

Total internal reflection fluorescence and electrocapillary measurements are employed to provide complementary potential-dependent information about the mechanical and photophysical properties of the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions, 1,2-dichloroethane-H2O. Adsorption of the zwitterionic amphiphile, di-N-butylaminonaphthylethenylpyridiniumpropylsulfonate (I) produces an interface with mechanical (interfacial tension) and charge transport properties qualitatively like the unmodified interface. Addition of dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) to the organic phase produces an interface dominated by DLPC adsorption and drastically alters the potential dependence of the interfacial tension, gamma, the interfacial excess populations, GammaI, the charge transport, and the fluorescence response from I. This result is explained in terms of a potential-dependent protonation of the DLPC at the interface, which causes it to desorb, and a competition for interfacial sites between DLPC and protonated and unprotonated dye I. Protonation of DLPC results in a rise in gamma, which is correlated with an increase in transport of the organic-phase anion tetraphenylborate, TPB-, and an increase in interfacially excited fluorescence from I. Both results are explained by a model in which the mechanical properties of the interface, as determined by the interfacial DLPC population, direct the ability of other species to transfer across TPB- or adsorb to I the interface.     

Effect of diisocyanates as compatibilizer on the properties of ramie/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites

Ramie/PLA composites with the diisocyanates as compatibilizer were fabricated by extrusion and injection molding. The influence of different diisocyanates and various diisocyanate content on the mechanical properties and thermal properties of the composites was investigated. The presence of the diisocyanates in the composites lead to the improvements in mechanical properties and thermal properties of the composites. The morphologies of fracture surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided evidence of improved interfacial adhesion between ramie and PLA from the addition of the diisocyanates. The composites containing isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) showed the best mechanical properties. The comparison of various IPDI content showed that the composites with 1.5% IPDI could get the optimum mechanical properties, and the excess diisocyanate content resulted in the decrease in the mechanical properties of the composites. However, IPDI content had almost no effect on the crystallization and melting behavior of the ramie/PLA composites.     

金属基复合材料界面问题

金属基复合材料都要在基体合金熔点附近的高温下制备。在制备过程中，纤维，晶须、颗粒等增强体与基体净发生程度不同的相互作用和界面反应，形成各种结构的界面。界面结构和性能对金属基复合材料的的性能起着决定性作用，深入研究的掌握界面反应和界面影响性能的规律，有效地控制界面的结构和性能，是获得高性能金属基复合材料的关键。     

界面状态对C/PLA复合材料降解特性的影响

研究了具有不同界面结合特性的两种复合材料在体外降解过程中吸水率，质量损失，宏观力学性能与降解时间的关系。结果表明，提高复合材料的界面结合强度可减小C／PLA复合材料的吸水率和质量损失，降低复合材料力学性能（弯曲强度，弯曲模量和剪切强度）和界面结合强度下降的速度，界面结合强度的提高对C／PLA复合材料的降解有明显的抑制作用。     

细编穿刺C/C 复合材料不同层次界面特性研究

针对细编穿刺C/C 复合材料中单丝/碳基体和纤维束/碳基体不同层次界面结构特性, 分别设计、建立了表征这两个层次界面结合性能的原位顶出仪, 并将界面结合性能与C/C 复合材料层间剪切强度测试进行了比较。利用该原位技术, 研究了不同工艺参数条件下C/C 复合材料这两个层次界面结合性能的关系, 并讨论了它们对C/C 复合材料拉伸强度的影响。表明: 本文中所建立的单纤维和整束纤维顶出技术可用于定量表征C/C 复合材料的不同层次界面粘合性能。不同层次界面结合状态在一定程度上对材料宏观力学性能的影响是不同的。     

玻璃纤维增强HDPE的性能及界面研究

通过扫描电镜观察、红外光谱分析及材料力学性能试验等方法考察了不同界面粘结形式下玻璃纤维增强HDPE的力学性能及其与界面粘结性的关系。结果表明,复合过程中加入的界面反应性试剂及其与HDPE接枝而形成的接枝物可与玻纤表面及其硅烷发生化学作用或交(?),从而显著提高复合材料的界面粘结强度及其力学性能。     

铝合金-纯铝-钢复合过渡接头性能试验研究

对厚度为10mm的铝合金-纯铝-钢复合过渡接头进行了界面剪切、界面粘结、侧向弯曲、系列温度等模拟试验,对焊后界面剪切、界面粘结等性能进行相关测试.结果表明,该规格的复合过渡接头常规力学性能和焊后界面性能均能满足相关标准要求.根据系列温度模拟试验,建议在工程焊接应用时,纯铝-钢界面温度应不超过300℃.     

Micromechanics analysis of Kevlar-29 aramid fiber and epoxy resin microdroplet composite by Micro-Raman spectroscopy

The effect of geometry on interfacial micromechanical behavior of fiber/matrix microdroplets is investigated by means of the combination of microbond test and Micro-Raman spectroscopy in this paper. Microbond test is usually employed to measure the interfacial properties of fiber/matrix composites. Since the existing method was realized through traditional microscopy technique, the test results may not satisfy those accurate analyses such as geometry influence on interfacial micromechanical behavior of composites. To overcome this problem, Micro-Raman spectroscopy is introduced into the microbond test to detect the distributions of micromechanical properties including fiber axial stress, residual stress, interfacial shear stress and stress transfer length along the interfaces between Kevlar-29 aramid fiber and epoxy resin matrix microdroplets. The obtained experimental results show that axial stress transfer will accelerate and then the shear stress concentration will be enhanced along with an increase in the interfacial edge angle. The study indicates that the geometrical characteristics can affect significantly the stress distributions in the fiber/matrix microdroplets.