直接吸收式太阳能集热纳米流体光热特性研究

采用两步法配制了Co-H2O纳米流体,针对不同粒径、不同质量分数、不同pH值的纳米流体,与去离子水一起同步测试了其光热转换特性。实验结果表明:纳米流体的温升速率及集热量明显优于去离子水的。纳米流体质量分数有一最佳值,实验中质量分数为0.1%时效果最好,其最高温度要比纯水高出30.3%。30 nm Co-H2O纳米流体的光吸收能力要强于50 nm Co-H2O纳米流体的。pH值对光热特性有较大影响,实验中p H=8效果最佳。Co-H2O纳米流体优异的光吸收性能表明其有望运用在直接吸收式太阳能系统中。     

非均匀SiO2-H2O纳米流体辐射特性研究

建立具有梯度折射率的SiO_2-H_2O纳米流体辐射传递模型,利用间断有限元法求解其在持续脉冲辐射下的透射率、反射率。通过与均匀纳米流体的透射率、反射率进行对比,分析非均匀纳米流体对辐射吸收效果的影响。同时考虑非均匀条件下折射率梯度、SiO_2质量分数以及颗粒粒径对纳米流体的反射率及透射率的影响。结果表明:当纳米流体具有梯度折射率时,反射率及透射率均减小,吸收率从30%提高到了41. 9%;而折射率梯度的增大使得反射率及透射率进一步减小; SiO_2质量分数和颗粒粒径的增大则导致反射率增大,透射率减小。     

纳米流体强化相变蓄冷特性的实验研究

在水基液中添加少量的纳米Cu颗粒(平均粒径为25nm),经超声波振荡和添加分散剂后,制备成分散稳定的Cu-H2O纳米流体.实验研究了纳米颗粒添加剂对水过冷度的影响,并采用红外热摄仪在线观察了纳米流体结晶过程的温度分布.结果表明.在水基液中加入纳米Cu粒子后,其过冷度明显降低,且随着纳米Cu质量分数的增加,流体的结冰时间缩短.Cu-H2O纳米流体的相变温度比水的提高了1℃,因此,纳米流体蓄冰时可以降低压缩机的输入功率,从而节约成本、减少能耗.     

新型蓄冷材料Al2O3-H2O纳米流体初始冻结温度分析

纳米流体作为功能性材料在强化传热方面运用较广,但作为蓄冷剂时对其初始冻结温度的研究较少。本文选用500nm粒径的Al2O3颗粒,设定三种不同降温速率(1、5、10 ℃/min),配置了三种不同质量分数(0.01％、0.05％、0.1％)的Al2O3-H2O纳米流体,研究初始冻结温度和降温速率以及纳米流体质量分数之间的关系,试验分为九组,每组进行60次,记录初始冻结温度的数据得到其概率分布。结果表明:初始冻结温度值概率分布近似为高斯分布;增大降温速率会使冻结过程中流体初始冻结温度降低;而在不同降温速率下,初始冻结温度与纳米流体质量分数未呈现相同的变化趋势,随着降温速率的增大,初始冻结温度随纳米流体质量分数的增大由减小逐渐转变为增大,异质结晶对初始冻结温度的影响程度逐渐大于溶液黏度的影响程度。     

Al2O3纳米流体相变特性的DSC研究

纳米流体相变时所体现出的特性是其作为蓄冷相变材料使用的重要基础。利用差示扫描量热法分别测量了纳米颗粒粒径为10nm、20nm、50nm、100nm、500nm,质量分数为5%、10%、12%、15%、20%,以及降温速率为2℃/min、3℃/min、5℃/min、7℃/min、9℃/min的Al2O3纳米流体的凝固点、冰点、融化点、比热及相变潜热的影响。测量结果表明:纳米流体的凝固点、冰点值都高于去离子水;随着颗粒粒径、质量分数和降温速率的增加,纳米流体的凝固点、冰点逐渐升高,而比热值逐渐减小。融化温度随着颗粒粒径、质量分数的增加而增加,且随着降温速率的增加而小幅度的降低。去离子水的相变潜热值高于纳米流体的潜热值;随着纳米颗粒粒径的增加,潜热值越大;随着质量分数和降温速率的增加,相变潜热值越小。     

表面活性剂对Cu-H_2O和ZrO_2-H_2O纳米流体稳定性的影响

通过添加表面活性剂制备了Cu-H2O和Zr O2-H2O纳米流体,研究了十二烷基苯磺酸钠、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵和辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚等表面活性剂对Cu-H2O和Zr O2-H2O纳米流体分散稳定性的影响;并利用分子动力学方法计算出不同表面活性剂分子与Cu/Zr O2颗粒表面的相互作用能。结果发现添加表面活性剂可较大程度地提升纳米流体的稳定性,而尤以添加十二烷基苯磺酸钠的效果最为明显,计算结果也显示十二烷基苯磺酸钠分子与Cu/Zr O2间的吸附作用最强。此外,还模拟了SDBS与Cu-H2O纳米流体中Cu颗粒的吸附行为。     

TiO_2-H_2O纳米流体热物性研究

制备了粒度分布为11~50nm的TiO2-H2O纳米流体,测量了纳米流体的相变潜热、表面张力和过冷度。相对于去离子水,质量分数为1%的纳米流体相变潜热减小了2.4%,表面张力增大了1.6%,过冷度降低了66.2%。纳米流体过冷度随TiO2浓度增大而降低,表面张力随TiO2浓度增大没有明显变化。运用相变动力学原理,对纳米流体过冷度降低的机理进行了分析。     

太阳能集热Co-H_2O纳米流体比热容特性实验研究

采用两步法制配了Co-H_2O纳米流体,实验研究了纳米颗粒质量分数、直径、温度对纳米流体比热容的影响。结果表明:去离子水的比热随着纳米颗粒的添加不断减小,质量分数为0.1%和0.2%的Co-H_2O纳米流体比热比去离子水分别降低了2.88%和5.76%。随着温度的升高,纳米流体的比热容逐渐增大,并且纳米流体质量分数越大,其比热随温度变化的趋势相对低浓度的纳米流体越明显。粒径越小的纳米流体比热容越大。现有比热容计算模型与实验结果相差较大,不能直接用于计算。     

纳米流体中CO_2水合物生成特性实验研究

在自行设计的小型气体水合物反应装置上进行了纳米流体中CO2水合物生成特性的实验研究,探讨了纳米粒子的种类、粒径和质量分数对CO2水合物生成特性的影响。研究发现,与纯水相比,纳米粒子Cu O和Si O2增加了CO2耗气量,但延长了气体水合物生成的诱导时间。金属纳米粒子Cu和金属氧化物纳米粒子Al2O3对CO2水合物生成的诱导时间和耗气量有明显改善。对不同粒径的Al2O3纳米粒子对气体水合物生成特性的研究发现,30 nm的Al2O3纳米流体对水合物生成特性影响最大。与纯水相比,0.1%-30 nm-Al2O3纳米流体中水合物生成的诱导时间缩短了76.9%,耗气量增加了23.2%。CO2水合物耗气量随着Cu粒子质量分数的增加先增加后减少。最后进行了纳米粒子对CO2水合物生成特性的影响的理论分析。     

相变蓄冷纳米复合流体成核过冷度及释冷的实验研究

通过添加亲水性分散剂,经过超声振动制备了粒径为20nm的4种不同质量分数的TiO2-水纳米复合流体.对去离子水和纳米复合流体同步进行蓄冷和释冷实验,实验表明:加入纳米TiO2粉体后,可大幅度降低水的过冷度直至消除,并且纳米复合流体的起始成核时间比去离子水提前了,融冰时TiO2-水纳米复合流体的释冷率要比去离子水大.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Effect of Permeable Crystalline Material on Steel Reinforcement Corrosion of Concrete

Permeable crystalline materialcan permeate into pores and cracks of concrete and catalyze the reaction between Ca(OH) 2and unhydrated cement to generate a great quantity needle non-soluble crystals, which can stop up the pores and cracks of concrete, and increase the impermeability of concrete. This paper reported the results of a study conducted to evaluate steel reinforcement corrosion of concrete specimens uncoated and coated with permeable crystalline material as well as mixed with the permeable crystalline material. The properties evaluated for corrosion test were water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength and potential. The results of water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength clearly showed that the permeable crystalline material could prohibit water, any soluble salts and moisture from penetrating the concrete to cause corrosion, leaking, and other problems, and it did increase the compressive strength, which was favorable for protection of corrosion of reinforcing steel. Moreover, it was concluded from the potential-time curve that the steel reinforcement of uncoated specimen was in the state of activation whereas that of other specimens coated and mixed with the permeable crystalline material was in the state of inactivation. Above all, it was indicated that the permeable crystalline materialis very effective to protect the steel reinforcement of concrete from corrosion.     

The Research and Application About "Dry Peeling Off" Technology for Airplane Surface Paint Layer

In this paper, the principle of spurting take off lacquer were introduced; and with orthogonal method the unsaturate polyester was prepared ;it was easy to peel airplane paint layer off with this material and equipment.     

Quality Study of Honeycomb Core Shaping Without Wax Stabilization

Sandwich panels utilizing honeycomb cores result in lightweight, high-strength units that are very rigid. Indeed, they give honeycomb panels the best strength-to-weight ratio of any construction type available. Conventionally, the wax is poured into the cell of the core to strengthen the structure and prevent the core from being crushed during milling. Much time and labor is required to wax, mill, and clean the cores. In this study, the process of pouring wax into the core was skipped. In other words, the cutter directly milled the core. Experiments showed that the compressive strength of the core produced without wax stabilization was only 3% lower than that of cores produced using the traditional method. In addition, the drum peel strengths of cores produced without wax stabilization were 38.4% higher than cores produced using the traditional method, in which residual wax seriously polluted the adhesive. It was also found that eliminating the wax process can reduce costs.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

In-process thermal treatment of polylactic acid in fused deposition modelling

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most widely used open source fused filament fabrication materials due to its ease of extrusion, biodegradability, and mechanical strength. The mechanical strength of PLA largely depends on the proper growth of its semi-crystalline structure, which can be severely impaired by a low rate of crystallization, particularly in open source printers. This can be further aggravated by the non-uniform thermal distribution of heat that causes improper curing among the extruded beads of the printing material. As a result, PLA printed on open source printers does not achieve the best mechanical properties. This research, for the first time, proposes an additive-free solution implemented through a detailed set of experimentation to improve the curing rate through in-process temperature variations to cure the joints among the beads. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to confirm the improvements in the bead joints. This work is conducted in two phases of experiments. In the first phase, a full factorial ANOVA is used to investigate various process parameters and the important variables are used in the second phase to print test specimens in four different sets.