应用SBT全波信息评价二界面胶结质量的方法研究

1引言 固井质量检查主要是检查套管与水泥环(一界面)、水泥环与地层(二界面)的胶结情况,而二界面的检测又是固井检测中的重点和难点.在现有的几种测井检测方法中,只有声波变密度测井(VDL)可以对二界面的胶结情况进行辅助检测,但这种检测方法存在一些缺点及不足[1～3].扇区水泥胶结测井(SBT)可以提供6条补偿声波衰减测量曲线,在周向上对水泥的胶结质量进行评价,但目前这种测井方法仅局限于评价一界面水泥胶结质量.本文从SBT测井的测量原理出发,自行设计了物理模拟SBT测井的原理性实验.通过对实验测量结果的分析,提出了利用SBT的全波资料信息评价二界面胶结质量的方法.     

基于正交试验设计的声波检测仪声时测量组合优化

基于正交试验,研究不同因素对声波检测仪声时测量的影响,对实际计量工作有着重要的意义。采用三因素、三水平的正交试验设计方法对声波检测仪进行了试验设计,分析了每个因素水平对声波检测仪的作用及各个水平之间的差异,探讨了收发探头之间的起始距离、发射电压、首波占显示时间轴的比例对测量的影响,并与声时测量理论值进行对比。试验结果表明:在收发探头起始间距在10mm,电压1000V,首波周期占显示时间轴的1/4时,可以获得最优的校准结果。     

微生物水泥基材料抗冻性和抗冲刷性

利用微生物水泥成功胶结高为50 cm,直径为5 cm的圆柱体砂柱。分别对其距离注射口不同位置处的砂柱进行抗压强度、冻融循环以及冲刷性实验。实验结果表明,微生物水泥砂柱随着远离菌液注射口,其抗压强度不断降低;微生物水泥胶结距离注射口0~30 cm处的砂柱抗冻性好,而超过30 cm,则抗冻性较差;微生物水泥胶结的50 cm高砂柱经0.5 h冲刷后,其不同部位均具有较好抗冲刷性。     

扇区水泥胶结测井仪实验研究

扇区水泥胶结图像是通过扇区水泥胶结测井仪器（Scan Bound Tool,SBT）获得的。仪器的底端是发射探头,在距离发射探头0.6m处安装了一个接收探头。接收探头用一个压电圆管,分成8个等间隔的扇区极化,每个扇区接收到一个波形,一共8个波形。用实验的方法研究了激发脉冲宽度和幅度对波形幅度和频率的影响。取出每个波形的首波幅度得到8条曲线,描述圆周8个扇区的水泥胶结情况。将每个深度点对应的8个幅值用颜色表示出来,得到整个圆周的水泥胶结图像。由于圆周方向只有8个扇区,分辨率比较低,图像边缘不清晰。对观测到的8个扇区的幅度值用高斯函数进行插值处理后,图像边缘得到了一定改善。分别用线性插值,二次插值处理后,图像连续、边缘清晰,对比度明显增强,整个圆周不同扇区水泥胶结的差异显示明显,为进一步分析扇区水泥胶结提供了基础。     

外夹式超声流量计单声道测量理论分析与实验

本文针对外夹式超声流量计单声道测量原理进行分析,以声波在流动介质中传播的时间差与流速的关系以及折射定律为原理,得出流量Qv与探头安装距离L的数学模型;通过测算,验证了安装距离L数学表达式的正确性;最后通过管道实验,流量随着设定管壁厚度δ的增大而减小,且在不同流量下,相对示值误差的变化趋势一致;根据实验数据,进行相对示值误差E相对于管壁厚度δ的3阶多项式曲线拟合,得出R~2都趋近于1,说明了实验数据具有一定的参考价值。     

人工裂隙对爆炸裂纹扩展影响的试验研究

为研究与炮孔不同距离节理裂隙对爆炸裂纹扩展的影响机制,以有机玻璃薄板为介质,加工与炮孔距离为L(20 mm、30 mm、40 mm、50 mm、60 mm)的人工裂隙进行爆炸实验。试验表明:人工裂隙能够有效阻隔爆炸裂纹的扩展;L为20 mm和30 mm时,人工裂隙右端边界能够产生翼裂纹,其起裂角和止裂角度分别为135°和45°,裂纹扩展路径和长度相近;人工裂隙能够有效阻隔爆炸裂纹和模型能够产生爆炸空腔的临界值介于50~60 mm之间。研究结果可为节理岩体控制爆破设计及爆破参数优化等提供理论依据。     

支承点位置对长量块长度测量结果的影响

在测量长于100mm 量块的长度或使用这种量块时,按有关量块标准的规定:在测量仪器上安装时应采用卧姿,即使量块的测量轴线处于水平状态,如图1所示。如果A,B两支承点之间的距离(b)太近,量块测量轴线两端     

用小型传声器阵列测量环境噪声中简单声源声压级

常规声级计测量到的是目标声和环境噪声的总声压,不具备抑制环境噪声的功能。为此使用以球面波函数叠加逼近理论为基础的声波分离方法,用以提升环境噪声中简单声源声压级的测量精度。该方法以小型传声器阵列探头作为测量前端,近场声全息和声波分离为核心计算方法进行实施。为验证该方法的有效性,在全消声室内对关键参数进行了实验验证。实验结果表明,该方法在500 Hz~2 750 Hz频带内,且探头距目标声源5 cm~12 cm的近场区域,可以在环境噪声中得到较精确的目标声源的声压级。     

温度对水饱和孔隙介质压缩波速度的影响

温度作用使孔隙介质密度、弹性模量等参数发生改变,从而影响声波传播性质。文章基于变形体能量守恒定律,考虑热机耦合和两相介质热耦合,推导水饱和孔隙介质的热传导方程;考虑孔隙水和固相孔隙介质存在的三种耦合性,基于热作用下应力应变关系分析,建立了热机耦合声波传播模型;设计温度变化沉积物样品声学测量实验,当温度由2℃增加到27℃时,压缩波速度平均增大88m·s^-1运用热机耦合声波传播模型解释了实验测量结果的上升趋势,获得理论计算值与测量值相对偏差范围为-3．03％～1．19％。     

多用途声波测井仪模拟探头电路的设计

介绍一种多用途的声波测井仪模拟探头的电路设计。该设计采用MPU从非易失性RAM中读取波形数据并经DA转换后输出的方法，实现了多达8路频率范围为50Hz-30kHz的声波信号的产生功能。该电路可以用于目前大部分的声波测井仪探头的信号模拟。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of anisotropy of properties on the basis of studies of texture of coarse-grained ingots of thermoelectric materials

An analysis of anisotropy of the properties of a Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7 solid solution was carried out using construction of demonstrative surfaces for thermoelectric effectiveness and thermal expansion coefficients. It is shown that the texture is an important factor forming anisotropy of properties and technological fitness of ingots for manufacturing modules. Anisotropy of properties based on the studies of the ingot textures obtained using the float-zone method and Bridgman method (growing thermoelectric plates in a flat cavity) was studied.     

Numerical study of methods of linearization of the output characteristics of radio-frequency sensors of the level of dielectric media

Different constructions of the sensing elements of radio-frequency level sensors based on sections of long lines are numerically investigated by means of the Matlab program for the purpose of minimizing the measurement error caused by the nonlinearity of the output characteristic. It is shown that the nonlinearity is lowest for U-shaped designs. The nonlinearity factor KN may be regulated by varying the capacitance of a correcting capacitor connected to the input of the sensing element and (or) the length of one of the sections of the long line. In selecting an optimal capacitance of the correcting capacitor KN ≤ 0.15% for control media with dielectric permittivity in the range 2.2–30.     

Possibilities of Decreasing the Errors of Determination of the Height of the Pole of a Sessile Drop of Melt

We analyze the possibilities of decreasing the errors of measuring the height of the pole of a sessile drop of melt above its equator by determining the position of the equator according to the midpoints of vertical chords of the image of the drop. The optimal distance between these chords and the edge of the image of the drop is chosen within 10–20% of the radius of the equator. The proposed method guarantees the same level of errors of evaluation of the height of the pole and the radius of the equator, which enables one to substantially increase the accuracy of evaluation of the capillary constant and the surface energy of the melt according to the geometric parameters of the sessile drop.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.