应用纳米压痕法测量电沉积镍镀层残余应力的研究

应用纳米压痕法测量残余应力的2种理论模型对5种电沉积镍镀层中的残余应力在不同压痕深度处进行了测量,并与X射线衍射法的测量结果进行了比较.结果表明,压深位于薄膜/基底界面处的2种压痕法测量结果与X射线衍射法的测量结果相近,且Yun-Hee模型与其符合得更好.     

脉冲电沉积纳米晶镍沉积层的力学性能研究

为了提高镍沉积层的显微硬度和抗拉强度,采用传统的Watt镀液通过脉冲电沉积制得纳米镍沉积层.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)方法分析了沉积层的表面形貌、织构和晶粒大小与脉冲参数的关系.分析表明,微观形貌为胞状结构,平均晶粒尺寸为10.3 nm;随着占空比减小,晶粒得以细化.研究了脉冲参数对纳米镍镀层显微硬度、抗拉强度的影响,最大显微硬度达到591 HV,最大拉伸强度达900MPa,分别为直流镍镀层的4.0和1.4倍;热处理试验表明,200℃热处理有利于提高镍镀层的显微硬度.     

镍基纳米复合镀层的研究进展

与普通的复合镀层相比,纳米复合镀层具有优良的硬度、耐磨减摩性能、耐腐蚀性能、耐高温氧化性能、电及电催化性能等。其中,镍基纳米复合镀层研究最早、应用最广泛。综述了纳米复合镀层的电沉积机理以及不同功能性镍基纳米复合镀层的研究进展,包括耐蚀防护装饰性复合镀层、耐磨减摩复合镀层、抗高温氧化复合镀层、自润滑复合镀层等,并对镍基纳米复合镀层的研究进行了展望。     

用脉冲喷射电沉积法制备纳米晶镍镀层

采用脉冲喷射电沉积方法制备了纳米晶镍镀层,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等方法研究了镀层的生长形貌和微观结构,并考察了脉冲电流密度对镀层微观结构如晶粒尺寸、织构等的影响.结果表明:镀层内表面(基体一侧)具有比外表面(镀液一侧)更为精细的晶粒结构,说明随着厚度的增加,镀层中的晶粒逐渐粗化.随着电流密度从45 A/dm2增加到180 A/dm2,镀层中晶粒生长的择优取向由(111)织构逐渐转变为强(220)织构.当电流密度从45 A/dm2增加到120 A/dm2时,镀层平均晶粒尺寸逐渐减小;而进一步增加电流密度到180 A/dm2,镀层晶粒尺寸又会有轻微的增大.     

1,4-丁炔二醇对纳米晶镍镀层结构及性能的影响

为了探讨1,4-丁炔二醇对纳米晶镍镀层硬度和耐蚀性的影响,采用直流电沉积法在黄铜表面制备了纳米晶镍镀层。利用X7000 X射线衍射仪、FEI Quanta600 FE-SEM扫描电镜、DUH-211S动态超显微微米压痕仪、动电位极化曲线及阻抗谱,研究了不同浓度1,4-丁炔二醇对镍镀层结构、硬度及耐蚀性的影响规律。结果表明:随着镀液中1,4-丁炔二醇浓度的增加,镍镀层晶面的择优取向由(200)织构向(111)转变,晶粒尺寸减小;镍镀层硬度增加,在1,4丁炔二醇浓度为0.5 g/L时达到654 HV;在3.5%Na Cl(质量分数)溶液中当1,4-丁炔二醇浓度为0.1 g/L时,镍镀层的耐腐蚀性最好。     

糖精对脉冲电沉积镍层结构及性能的影响

利用脉冲电沉积制备细晶镍镀层。研究了糖精对镍镀层的晶粒尺寸、表面形貌、晶体取向和硬度的影响。结果表明：加入糖精后,可获得晶粒尺寸小于30nm的镍镀层,晶体择优取向由（200）织构向（111）织构转变,镀层的耐蚀性得到提高;镀层的硬度与镍镀层的晶粒尺寸有关,晶粒尺寸较大时,服从Hall—Petch关系,晶粒尺寸较小时产生...     

镍基碳纳米管复合电沉积薄膜的制备和机械性能分析

采用直径为10～20nm的碳纳米管作为增强相材料,采用间歇超声复合空气搅拌,通过复合电沉积技术,制备了碳管均匀分散,表面平整连续的镍基碳纳米管复合薄膜.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM),对镀层的表面形貌进行了观察,并用表面轮廓仪,对镀层的粗糙度进行了测量.通过显微硬度计和纳米硬度计对镀层的硬度分别进行了测量,采用一种新型的微拉伸器件对复合薄膜的拉伸性能进行了测量.通过实验发现,采用间歇超声复合空气搅拌方式在镍镀层中复合碳纳米管,可以明显的提高镀层的硬度,并且当镀层中碳纳米管体积百分比在4%左右时,镀层硬度最大.同时镀层的抗拉强度也有所提高,通过用SEM对镀层断裂处观测,验证了碳纳米管的增强效应.     

电泳-电沉积Ni-Al2O3纳米复合层的微观结构及性能

为了改善纳米复合镀层的物理、力学性能,以电泳-电沉积工艺制备了具有较高纳米Al2O3含量的Ni-Al2O3纳米复合镀层.用SEM、TEM、显微硬度计等对复合镀层的表面微观形貌、显微硬度以及耐磨性能进行了分析;探讨了电泳液中α-Al2O3微粒浓度、电沉积电流密度对复合镀层表面微观形貌、显微硬度及其与基体的结合力的影响.结果表明:α-Al2O3纳米粒子弥散分布于镀层之中,并对基质金属晶粒产生细化作用;电泳液中α-Al2O3微粒浓度对复合镀层表面微观形貌影响较大,电沉积电流密度对微观形貌无明显影响;随着电泳液微粒浓度和电沉积电流密度的增大,复合镀层显微硬度均呈下降趋势,在电泳液微粒浓度8 g/L,电沉积电流密度0.5A/dm2时,复合镀层具有最大显微硬度442 HV,较纯镍镀层有明显提高.镀层中微粒体积分数约为30％时,镀层的耐磨性能及与基体的结合性能最为优异.     

石墨烯增强相对镍基复合镀层的强化作用及镀层制备

为促进石墨烯基复合材料的制备和应用,利用电沉积的方法在碳素钢基体表面分别制备了石墨烯/镍复合镀层及纯镍镀层,利用扫描电镜（SEM）对镀层的形貌进行了观察分析,利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）对镀层的物相进行了分析,利用硬度测试仪对镀层进行了力学性能的评价。研究表明：在相同的制备条件下,对于石墨烯/镍复合镀层,石墨烯的引入使镍基晶粒细化,且由于石墨烯导电性能比镍好,在电沉积过程中,镍离子优先在石墨烯片上沉积形成包状凸起;而未添加石墨烯的纯镍镀层在沉积过程形成的是较为光滑平整的纯镍镀层,晶粒较大。XRD检测结果显示,整个电沉积过程无相变发生,石墨烯的引入使得沉积镍的晶粒细小,组织更致密。Raman检测结果显示沉积电流越小,沉积的石墨烯的2D峰与G峰的强度比值越大,分散效果越好。添加石墨烯的镍镀层硬度明显高于未添加石墨烯的镀层,最高硬度可达约530 HV_{4.9 N}。以上结果表明：利用电沉积技术将石墨烯作为第二相引入到金属基体中,是一种有效制备高性能石墨烯/金属复合材料的方法。     

电沉积纳米晶镍的研究现状及展望

综述了电沉积法的特点和基本过程,电沉积纳米晶镍的制备工艺,电沉积纳米晶镍的织构和热稳定性,以及电沉积纳米晶镍的强度和硬度;展望了电沉积纳米晶镍的研究趋势.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度

本文根据多年的实践检定经验 ,参照JJF1 0 59- 1 999《测量不确定度评定与表示》以及《测量不确定度表达 1 0讲》 ,对卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度进行了评定。     

盐酸浓度不确定度的评估

通过对盐酸浓度标定的过程分析，找出影响结果的各个分量，进行不确定度的评定，按照计量技术规范给出标准的表示法。     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。