基于AFM的不导电金属铟薄膜的表面微观特征分析

利用电子束蒸发镀膜方法在PAMM上制备了金属铟薄膜,通过方块电阻测量和原子力显微镜(AFM)表面形貌的分析,结果表明:铟薄膜的电阻值随着薄膜生长厚度增加而减小;薄膜生长初始阶段基体表面形成了岛状不连续膜,表面粗糙度随膜厚增加而增加,此时薄膜不导电;当膜层厚度生长到120 nm时,薄膜形成了下层连续上层为小孔洞的结构,表面粗糙度在此厚度附近降低较明显;随着薄膜继续生长,薄膜表面无论是水平方向还是垂直方向,岛与岛相连形成十分光滑的膜层,此时薄膜电阻迅速降低到3Ω,薄膜导通。     

半金属铋薄膜导电特性和粗糙度的研究

本论文利用真空镀膜方法在云母片上生长半金属Bi薄膜,测量了薄膜生长厚度与电阻之间的关系,并用原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了云母表面半金属薄膜电阻变化与薄膜粗糙度间的关系.生长初始阶段,薄膜先形成孤立的三维小岛(典型高度1 nm,直径10 nm,间距10 nm),随后互相聚结形成网状结构,薄膜不导通(R≥20 MΩ),粗糙度随膜厚增加而减小.当等效厚度d=1.74 nm时,薄膜导通(R≤13 MΩ),薄膜的形貌变为有小孔洞的连续状结构,粗糙度在此厚度附近达到最小值然后又增大.随着薄膜继续生长,连续状结构的厚度增加,薄膜电阻随之迅速减小,当d≥2.4 nm时薄膜电阻趋近于稳定值2kΩ.     

辉光弧光协同共放电方式制备TiN薄膜的研究

分别采用中频磁控溅射、电弧离子镀及辉光弧光协同共放电混合镀(APSCD)三种方式在碳钢基体上制备TiN薄膜,采用原子力学显微镜、显微硬度计、台阶膜厚仪、电化学技术对薄膜表面形貌、显微硬度、膜厚、耐腐蚀性进行测试.研究结果表明:多弧离子镀薄膜颗粒的平均粗糙度为7.066 nm,混合镀薄膜颗粒的平均粗糙度为4.687 nm,在相同时间条件下,磁控溅射薄膜厚度为658 nm,混合镀膜厚度为1345 nm,混合镀工艺具有降低多弧离子镀粗糙度又可以克服磁控溅射沉积速率慢的优点.经过混合镀TiN薄膜后,基体表面显微硬度从226HV提高到1238 HV,在天然海水中测得混合镀膜层腐蚀电位比基体提高104 mV.     

原子层沉积氧化锌应用于铜铟镓硒太阳能电池缓冲层的研究

用原子层沉积法在钠钙玻璃上沉积氧化锌薄膜,利用场发射扫描电镜和X射线衍射(XRD)等对样品表面形貌和物相进行分析,结果表明得到的ZnO纳米颗粒为六角纤锌矿结构,颗粒的尺寸在30～60nm之间;测得的ZnO薄膜厚度仅50nm,符合缓冲层要求;薄膜在可见光区域透射率达90%以上;使用原子层沉积氧化锌薄膜作铜铟镓硒太阳能电池的缓冲层,TEM显示氧化锌层完好、致密地覆盖在CIGS层上,电池的光电转换效率较高,完全可以替代有毒的CdS作缓冲层。     

不同厚度对分子束外延生长GaSb薄膜的影响

采用分子束外延(MBE)在GaAs衬底上生长GaSb薄膜,为了减小因晶格失配度较大所引起的位错密度,采用低温GaSb作为缓冲层.通过X射线双晶衍射仪和原子力显微镜分析得出,当低温GaSb缓冲层的厚度为20nm时,GaSb外延层中的位错密度最小,晶体质量最好.此外,缓冲层和外延层的厚度共同对GaSb薄膜晶体质量和表面形貌产生影响.     

调制结构对TiN/ZrN纳米多层膜的表面形貌、生长行为及力学性能的影响

利用射频反应磁控溅射方法,设计并制备了一系列不同调制周期的TiN/ZrN纳米多层膜.利用原子力显微镜、X射线衍射仪和纳米压痕仪对多层膜的表面形貌、微观结构和力学性能进行了系统表征.研究结果表明调制结构影响着薄膜的择优生长取向、沉积速率和表面形貌;在调制周期为7nm～26nm的范围内,随调制周期的增加,TiN/ZrN多层膜的织构取向有从(100)面向(111)面转变的趋势;TiN和ZrN层的沉积速率随调制周期的变化而变化.在调制周期为15nm左右时,表面粗糙度最小,减小和增加调制周期均导致粗糙度的增加.力学性能分析表明TiN/ZrN多层膜的硬度和弹性模量均高于单一TiN和ZrN的硬度和弹性模量,且随着调制周期的减小有逐渐增加的趋势.此外,根据调制结构和力学性能的分析结果,讨论了TiN/ZrN纳米多层膜的硬化机制.     

真空蒸发沉积CdZnTe纳米薄膜的结构与形貌

采用真空蒸发沉积技术在ITO玻璃上制备得到CdZnTe纳米晶薄膜,并利用台阶仪、X射线能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了CdZnTe薄膜厚度、成分、结构和形貌特征。实验结果表明,薄膜在(111)面表现出明显的择优生长特性。在薄膜生长初期,纳米薄膜中存在一定程度的非晶态富集Te,但随着沉积时间延长,薄膜成分向化学计量比逼近,结构也向闪锌矿CdZnTe转变。薄膜表面形貌平整,粗糙度Ra约为2～5nm。随着沉积时间的延长,薄膜形貌由晶粒堆砌状向多晶层片连接状转变。在沉积时间分别为15、30和45min时,薄膜的厚度依次分别约为100、300和500nm,而薄膜的晶粒平均尺寸依次分别为43.15、30.81和71.94nm。     

半导体Si(111)上电沉积NiFe缓冲层薄膜

采用电化学沉积法,在半导体硅片上制备了具有纳米晶粒尺寸的NiFe缓冲层薄膜,并确定了获得Ni80Fe20合金的工艺条件.由SEM形貌观测分析,当薄膜名义厚度＞25 nm时,可形成连续性镀层.I-t暂态曲线及STM结果表明,NiFe薄膜在低过电位下以三维岛状模式生长,在高过电位下以二维层状模式生长,其RMS表面粗糙度最小值仅为0.5 nm.XRD结果表明,薄膜为面心立方Ni基固溶体结构,并具有明显的(111)晶面择优取向.当薄膜组成为Ni80Fe20时,各向异性磁电阻效应(AMR)最大,AMR值为1.8%.     

Cu薄膜三维生长的Monte Carlo模拟

利用蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)方法模拟了Cu薄膜在四方基底上的三维生长过程。模型中考虑了三个主要的原子热运动过程:原子沉积、原子扩散、原子脱附,各过程发生的概率是由各运动的速率来决定的。讨论了基底温度、沉积速率及原子覆盖度对Cu薄膜的表面形貌及表面粗糙度的影响。模拟结果表明:随基底温度升高或沉积速率下降,岛的平均尺寸增大,数目减少,薄膜以层状生长方式生长;Cu薄膜表面粗糙度随温度的升高而减小,当基底温度处于某一临界温度之内时,表面粗糙度随沉积速率的变化很大,但当基底温度超过临界温度时,表面粗糙度随沉积速率的变化很小;薄膜的粗糙度与薄膜亚单层的形核密切相关。     

N离子注入改性SnO2缓冲层及其CdTe太阳电池应用

使用等离子注入技术对SnO_2薄膜进行N离子注入改性,进行方块电阻、光学透过、表面形貌、Kelvin探针和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征,并将其作为缓冲层应用到CdTe太阳电池中。研究结果发现,对于30nm厚的SnO_2缓冲层,经过30s、10min不同时间N离子注入以后,其300~800nm波长范围透过率有所降低,而体电阻率则明显增加,特别是N离子注入10min的SnO_2缓冲层,表面出现很多凹孔,呈蜂窝状结构,且对后续沉积的CdS层表面形貌产生了明显影响。Kelvin探针表征结果显示,随着N离子注入时间的延长,SnO_2缓冲层功函数逐渐增加,最高达到约5.075eV,比本征SnO_2缓冲层的功函数高出0.15eV。XPS测试结果显示,N离子注入10min后,SnO_2缓冲层N1s结合能峰位向低结合能方向发生了明显移动,而O1s结合能峰位则向高结合能方向移动了,且表面区非晶格氧所占比例增大。对比电池结果,有N离子注入改性SnO_2缓冲层的电池与无缓冲层的电池相比,效率从10%左右增加到12%以上,最高达到12.47%,其中开路电压提高最为显著,从约750mV提高到790mV以上,提升了约5%,电池的整体均匀性也明显改善。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Effect of Permeable Crystalline Material on Steel Reinforcement Corrosion of Concrete

Permeable crystalline materialcan permeate into pores and cracks of concrete and catalyze the reaction between Ca(OH) 2and unhydrated cement to generate a great quantity needle non-soluble crystals, which can stop up the pores and cracks of concrete, and increase the impermeability of concrete. This paper reported the results of a study conducted to evaluate steel reinforcement corrosion of concrete specimens uncoated and coated with permeable crystalline material as well as mixed with the permeable crystalline material. The properties evaluated for corrosion test were water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength and potential. The results of water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength clearly showed that the permeable crystalline material could prohibit water, any soluble salts and moisture from penetrating the concrete to cause corrosion, leaking, and other problems, and it did increase the compressive strength, which was favorable for protection of corrosion of reinforcing steel. Moreover, it was concluded from the potential-time curve that the steel reinforcement of uncoated specimen was in the state of activation whereas that of other specimens coated and mixed with the permeable crystalline material was in the state of inactivation. Above all, it was indicated that the permeable crystalline materialis very effective to protect the steel reinforcement of concrete from corrosion.     

The Research and Application About "Dry Peeling Off" Technology for Airplane Surface Paint Layer

In this paper, the principle of spurting take off lacquer were introduced; and with orthogonal method the unsaturate polyester was prepared ;it was easy to peel airplane paint layer off with this material and equipment.     

Quality Study of Honeycomb Core Shaping Without Wax Stabilization

Sandwich panels utilizing honeycomb cores result in lightweight, high-strength units that are very rigid. Indeed, they give honeycomb panels the best strength-to-weight ratio of any construction type available. Conventionally, the wax is poured into the cell of the core to strengthen the structure and prevent the core from being crushed during milling. Much time and labor is required to wax, mill, and clean the cores. In this study, the process of pouring wax into the core was skipped. In other words, the cutter directly milled the core. Experiments showed that the compressive strength of the core produced without wax stabilization was only 3% lower than that of cores produced using the traditional method. In addition, the drum peel strengths of cores produced without wax stabilization were 38.4% higher than cores produced using the traditional method, in which residual wax seriously polluted the adhesive. It was also found that eliminating the wax process can reduce costs.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

In-process thermal treatment of polylactic acid in fused deposition modelling

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most widely used open source fused filament fabrication materials due to its ease of extrusion, biodegradability, and mechanical strength. The mechanical strength of PLA largely depends on the proper growth of its semi-crystalline structure, which can be severely impaired by a low rate of crystallization, particularly in open source printers. This can be further aggravated by the non-uniform thermal distribution of heat that causes improper curing among the extruded beads of the printing material. As a result, PLA printed on open source printers does not achieve the best mechanical properties. This research, for the first time, proposes an additive-free solution implemented through a detailed set of experimentation to improve the curing rate through in-process temperature variations to cure the joints among the beads. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to confirm the improvements in the bead joints. This work is conducted in two phases of experiments. In the first phase, a full factorial ANOVA is used to investigate various process parameters and the important variables are used in the second phase to print test specimens in four different sets.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.