无机陶瓷膜澄清食醋工艺研究

应用无机陶瓷膜微滤技术对老陈醋进行除浊除茵试验研究.通过探讨无机陶瓷膜平均孔径、跨膜压差、膜面流速、操作温度、料液浓缩比等操作参数对过滤效果的影响,确定了适宜的工艺分离条件.无机陶瓷膜澄清食醋工艺在最佳操作条件(常温,采用平均孔径为0.1μm无机陶瓷膜,跨膜压差0.14 MPa、膜面流速2.0 m/s、最大浓缩倍数9)下,平均膜渗透通量可达40 L/(m2·h);过滤后的食醋不仅感观、理化和卫生指标符合国家标准,而且放置两年后无返浑现象.     

重差分相液膜分离技术

报道了一种新的液膜分离方法 ,实践证明它具有液膜分离的优点 .克服了要求乳状液既稳定又容易破乳这一对难于调和的矛盾 ,去掉了制乳与破乳过程 ,使工艺简化并显著地节省能耗 .     

我国乳状液膜提取稀土的研究

我国独特的离子吸附型稀土矿为液膜技术的应用和开发提供了雄厚的物质优势。本文比较系统地评述了我国乳状液膜提取稀土的数学模型、液膜配方、工艺条件、破乳和提取效率,韭提出了有关该项研究的几点建议。     

聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜技术在丙烯酰胺生产工艺中应用的研究

针对微生物法生产丙烯酰胺,采用聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维超微滤膜技术对其进行分离,即利用中空纤维微滤膜对菌体进行浓缩和洗涤,利用中空纤维超滤膜对丙烯酰胺水合液进行分离.实验表明,与离心分离相比,采用微滤膜后,菌体的浓缩倍数提高了近一倍,达到9倍,且菌体100%被膜截留.清洗试验表明:利用氢氧化钠水溶液可100%恢复膜的纯水通量.在对丙烯酰胺水合液进行分离时,与原来的离心分离相比,采用超滤膜后,不仅过滤速度达到150 L/h,且过滤精度大大提高,电导值小于350μS/cm.除此之外,考察了水合液温度和跨膜压差对超滤膜过滤速率的影响,结果表明水合液温度越高,跨膜压差越大,过滤速度越快,且两者近似呈线性关系.     

微滤膜破乳技术的研究

基于膜法破乳技术的研究进展,选择了水＋正丁醇,水＋煤油以及水＋煤油＋30％TBP（磷酸三丁酯）多种体系,研究了影响破乳效果的重要参数透过压,体系性质和膜孔径等对透过液通量和透过液水相含油量的影响,实验结果表明,膜法破乳是一种很有效的破乳技术,对于不同体系的乳液均有较好的通用性,膜法破乳过程受透过压和膜孔的影响较大,随着透过的增加,透过液通过量增加,透过液中水相的油含量也随之增加,膜孔径的增大有利于透过液通量的提高,当然在相同的透过压作用下透过渡水相的含油量也会随之增加,但控制较低的透过压时,水中的油含量可以得到较好的控制。     

气提有机管式膜工艺精制卤水研究

采用气提有机管式膜过滤工艺进行卤水精制,研究了曝气量、膜面流速、跨膜压差、背压、反洗强度对膜通量的影响,并计算了过滤阻力及系统能耗.实验结果表明随着系统曝气量、跨膜压差、背压的增大,膜通量增加,而膜面流速对膜通量影响较小,反洗周期定为15min.计算结果表明,与错流过滤工艺相比,该工艺利用气液两相流的不稳定性能有效降低膜过滤阻力,并显著降低能耗.     

陶瓷膜浓缩Iota卡拉胶的初步研究

采用Al2O3/ZrO2陶瓷膜浓缩Iota卡拉胶,考察了进料液初始浓度、操作压力、膜面流速和运行温度等因素对膜通量、卡拉胶浓缩倍数、膜总过滤阻力的影响.结果表明陶瓷膜浓缩卡拉胶的速度受到进料液浓度等的影响.当初始质量分数为1％时,获得的最佳操作参数是:操作压力为0.2 MPa,错流速度为4.8 m/s,运行温度为70℃.在此过程中最大膜通量为81.3L/(m2·h),运行时间为105 min,可以将卡拉胶溶液浓缩3倍.该结果说明陶瓷膜可以有效地浓缩Iota卡拉胶.     

正渗透技术浓缩氯碱阳极淡盐水

采用正渗透(FO)技术对离子膜法制烧碱中产生的阳极淡盐水进行浓缩,开发阳极淡盐水浓缩新工艺.以脱氯后的淡盐水为原料,饱和盐水为汲取液,研究了膜活性层朝向、膜面流速及原料液温度对FO过程纯水透过通量的影响,并对FO过程的淡盐水浓缩效果和膜污染情况进行了研究,验证了该浓缩工艺的可行性.结果表明,压力延迟渗透(PRO)模式水通量要高于FO模式,在处理高浓度料液时,外浓差极化和内浓差极化均对水通量有较明显的影响;提高进料膜面错流流速,水通量增加,且对PRO模式比对FO模式影响更明显;进料温度升高,膜的水通量提高.两种运行模式下均能将淡盐水浓缩至300 g/L以上,满足盐水循环使用要求.浓缩过程中未见明显盐结晶导致的膜污染发生.用工艺液体饱和盐水作汲取液,避免了稀释后汲取液的回收问题,实现了FO过程中真正的低能耗,为FO过程在工业中的大规模推广应用提供了新思路.     

双膜法工艺浓缩亚铵法造纸黄液制肥料

开发了陶瓷膜和有机膜耦合的双膜法工艺浓缩造纸黄液制肥料,实现了黄液有机质的高效浓缩和纯化.考察了黄液浓缩过程中总固体含量、有机质(湿固)含量、有机质(干固)含量等参数的变化情况.结果表明,陶瓷膜和有机膜均能显著提高浓缩液中的总固体含量和有机质含量,且对无机盐具有良好的洗脱效果,能够提升浓缩液中的有机质纯度.采用双膜法工艺浓缩黄液的脱水率高于70%,有机质的回收率高于90%,无机盐洗脱率高于80%.与传统的多效蒸发工艺相比,双膜法工艺能耗大幅降低,产品有机质纯度提升,具有更好的技术经济性.     

乳状液膜法脱酚的进一步研究

对模拟的含酚废水,采用乳状液膜法脱酚进行了进一步的探讨．实验研究了对所采用的制乳设备——撞击流-旋转填料床对制乳率,提取设备——旋转填料床对脱酚率和破乳设备——无机微孔膜外压内抽式膜法破乳的重要参数如透过压方式、膜孔径等对膜通量和破乳率的影响．并且讨论了破乳后的油相回用情况．实验结果表明:撞击流-旋转填料床对制乳率、脱酚率都很高,且瞬间完成．亲水性无机微孔膜外压内抽方式破乳,是一种更有效的膜法破乳新方法,此过程受透过压方式和膜孔径的影响较大．膜孔径越小,破乳率越高,膜通量越小;外压内抽方式的破乳效果优于单外压方式的破乳效果．并由实验数据得到:撞击流-旋转填料床的制乳效率可达99．90％以上,脱酚率可达99％左右,对于粒径为5-25μm乳液,用膜孔径为2．0μm的SiC微孔膜,在外压为60 kPa、内负压为30 kPa的外压内抽破乳方式下破乳,破乳率可达96．4％,膜通量可达900 L／(m2·h)．     

Process development and catalyst testing under industrial conditions

The development of new processes or modifications of existing industrial processes often leads to acceptance issues, because not all real conditions can be reproduced in non industrial facilities. The investigations under ideal conditions are mostly indispensable for scientific tasks but lead to risks resulting from transferring university results to industry. In this article, a solution to this problem is presented combining the experimental work in university facilities with the needs of industrial plant employers. A tiered approach using preliminary scientific experiments without impurities from lab to miniplant scale followed by a bypass operation with the real industrial plant combines the advantages of the both sides. In line with this approach, intensive theoretical and experimental studies were carried out in the lab of the chair “Process Dynamics and Operation” of the “Technische Universtität Berlin” for the development of a new emission-free sulfuric acid process. In a further step, a mobile, modular, and fully automated experimental set-up is built and shipped to the industrial partner, where it is operated in bypass to the industrial sulfuric acid plant. Main objectives are to obtain important insights regarding long-term stability and interaction of secondary components. The application of this approach in a real case study shows that a very fast and cost effective process development can be realized with the minimum on risk. In this work, the very successful development of the emission-free sulfuric acid process is presented. Deep information of the reaction mechanism of the sulfur dioxide hydrogenation and side reactions was determined. The results presented in this article allow the development of optimal operational strategies for the whole sulfuric acid plant, which give a completely new perspective to the established process.     

挥发萘回用对萘系高效减水剂性能的影响

萘系高效减水剂合成过程中回收的挥发萘颜色较深,与工业萘相比纯度降低近3%。使用掺有挥发萘合成的萘系高效减水剂配制水泥净浆,研究表明,随着挥发萘掺入量的增加,净浆初始流动度减小,经时损失增大;混凝土试验表明,随着挥发萘掺入量的增加,萘系高效减水剂的减水率降低,增强作用减弱。因此,在挥发萘回用过程中,掺量不宜过大,最好不要超过5%。     

Intelligent Forensic Investigation Using Optimal Stacked Autoencoder for Critical Industrial Infrastructures

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) can be employed on the industrial processes in order to reduce the manual labor and handle the complicated industrial system processes as well as communicate effectively. Internet of Things (IoT) integrates numerous sets of sensors and devices via a data network enabling independent processes. The incorporation of the IoT in the industrial sector leads to the design of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), which find use in water distribution system, power plants, etc. Since the IIoT is susceptible to different kinds of attacks due to the utilization of Internet connection, an effective forensic investigation process becomes essential. This study offers the design of an intelligent forensic investigation using optimal stacked autoencoder for critical industrial infrastructures. The proposed strategy involves the design of manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO) based feature selection with optimal stacked autoencoder (OSAE) model, named MFROFS-OSAE approach. The primary objective of the MFROFS-OSAE technique is to determine the presence of abnormal events in critical industrial infrastructures. The MFROFS-OSAE approach involves several subprocesses namely data gathering, data handling, feature selection, classification, and parameter tuning. Besides, the MRFO based feature selection approach is designed for the optimal selection of feature subsets. Moreover, the OSAE based classifier is derived to detect abnormal events and the parameter tuning process is carried out via the coyote optimization algorithm (COA). The performance validation of the MFROFS-OSAE technique takes place using the benchmark dataset and the experimental results reported the betterment of the MFROFS-OSAE technique over the recent approaches interms of different measures.     

Key Process Protection of High Dimensional Process Data in Complex Production

In order to solve the problem of locating and protecting key processes and detecting outliers efficiently in complex industrial processes. An anomaly detection system which is based on the two-layer model fusion frame is designed in this paper. The key process is located by using the random forest model firstly, then the process data feature selection, dimension reduction and noise reduction are processed. Finally, the validity of the model is verified by simulation experiments. It is shown that this method can effectively reduce the prediction accuracy variance and improve the generalization ability of the traditional anomaly detection model from the experimental results.     

脉动气流对孔板流量计示值影响的实验研究

本从脉动流对孔板流量计影响的基本原理出发,以实际过程为研究对象,通过在不同脉动工况条件下的大量实验,研究了复杂脉动流动对孔板流量计测量的影响,提出了复杂脉动流条件下,应用孔板流量计应遵循的原则。     

Fundamental understanding and modeling of reactive sputtering processes

Reactive sputtering is a commonly used process to fabricate compound thin film coatings on a wide variety of different substrates. The industrial applications request high rate deposition processes. To meet this demand, it is necessary to have very good process control of such processes. The deposition rate is extremely sensitive to the supply of the reactive gas. A too low supply of the reactive gas will cause high rate metallic sputtering, but may give rise to an understoichiometric composition of the deposited film. A too high supply of the reactive gas will allow for stoichiometric composition of the deposited film, but will cause poisoning of the target surface, which may reduce the deposition rate significantly. This behaviour points out that there may exist optimum processing conditions where both high rate and stoichiometric film composition may be obtained.The purpose of this article is to explain how different parameters affect the reactive sputtering process. A simple model for the reactive sputtering process is described. Based on this model, it is possible to predict the processing behaviour for many different ways of carrying out this process. It is also possible to use the results of the modeling work to scale processes from laboratory size to large industrial processes. The focus will be to obtain as simple a model that will still quite correctly describe most experimental findings. Despite some quite crude approximations, we believe that the model presented satisfies this criterion.     

海洋环境二氧化碳水合物生成的实验研究

温室气体CO2的海洋封存是CO2处理的重要设想,对减缓全球气候变化有着深远的意义。CO2水合物在海洋环境中与在纯水溶液中的生成条件有很大的不同。为了研究海洋环境中CO2水合物的生成特性,设计了一套CO2气体水合物实验装置和一套实验流程,利用这套实验装置模拟海洋深度500 m处海水环境,在海水—CO2体系中合成CO2水合物,探讨了温度、压力和盐度等对海洋环境中CO2水合物生成特性的影响。     

Deformation theory of plasticity for initially anisotropic media

We propose a version of the deformation theory of plasticity for anisotropic media that allows us to consider the limiting strain (for example, in industrial processes involving pressure treatment of materials). The modified theory gives good agreement between the calculations and the experimental data not only with respect to the stress level but also with respect to the strains.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 9, pp. 3–15, September, 1995.     

Use of fly ash,phosphogypsum and red mud as a liner material for the disposal of hazardous zinc leach residue waste

Increasing amounts of residues and waste materials coming from industrial activities in different processes have become an increasingly urgent problem for the future. The release of large quantities of heavy metals into the environment has resulted in a number of environmental problems. The present study investigated the safe disposal of the zinc leach residue waste using industrial residues such as fly ash, phosphogypsum and red mud. In the study, leachability of heavy metals from the zinc leach residue has been evaluated by mine water leaching procedure (MWLP) and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). Zinc removal from leachate was studied using fly ash, phosphogypsum and red mud. The adsorption capacities and adsorption efficiencies were determined. The adsorption rate data was analyzed according to the pseudo-second-order kinetic, Elovich kinetic and intra-particle diffusion kinetic models. The pseudo-second-order kinetic was the best fit kinetic model for the experimental data. The results show that addition of fly ash, phosphogypsum and red mud to the zinc leach residue drastically reduces the heavy metal content in the leachate and could be used as liner materials.     

Materials processing by gas cluster ion beams

This paper discusses the principles and experimental status of gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) processing as a promising surface modification technique for practical industrial applications. Theoretical and experimental characteristics of GCIB processes and of related equipment development are described from the moment of neutral cluster formation, through ionization, acceleration and impact upon a surface. The impact of an accelerated cluster ion upon a target surface imparts very high energy densities into the impact area and produces non-linear effects that are not observed in the impacts of atomic ions. Unique characteristics of GCIB bombardment have been found to offer potential for various industrial applications that cannot be achieved by conventional ion beam processing. Among prospective applications are included shallow ion implantation, high rate sputtering, surface cleaning and smoothing, and low temperature thin film formation. Sputtering effects produced by cluster ion impact are particularly interesting. High sputtering yields and lateral distribution of sputtered atoms cause surface smoothing effects which cannot be achieved with monomer ion beams. Surface smoothing to atomic levels is expected to become the first production use of GCIB.