Formation of nanoclusters of gadolinium atoms in silicon

A technology of stagewise low-temperature diffusion of gadolinium into silicon that makes it possible to form nanoclusters of impurity atoms with a significant magnetic moment distributed throughout the volume of the material has been developed. It is shown that, unlike the samples obtained by high-temperature diffusion doping, the samples prepared by the new technology do not have surface erosion, and alloys and silicides are not formed in the near-surface region. Nanoclusters of impurity atoms of gadolinium in the volume of the crystal lattice of the silicon are studied using an MIK-5 infrared microscope. It is found that, in the stagewise low-temperature diffusion, the temperature and time of the diffusion have an effect not only on the depth of penetration of the impurities but also on the sizes of the resulting clusters; these factors can also prevent the formation of clusters. The study of the effect of low-temperature treatments on the size and distribution of clusters shows that, upon annealing in the temperature range of 500–700°C, the ordering of the clusters of gadolinium impurity atoms is observed. A further increase in the annealing temperature leads to the destruction of gadolinium clusters in the silicon bulk.     

Ni对RPV模拟钢中富Cu原子团簇析出的影响

用原子探针层析技术和时效模拟方法,研究了不同Ni含量并且提高了Cu含量的反应堆压力容器（RPV）用模拟钢中富Cu、富Ni和富Mn原子团簇的形成。结果表明,提高钢中的Ni含量会促使富Cu原子团簇的析出,富Cu原子团簇中含有Ni和Mn。实验检测到富Ni的原子团簇,团簇中含有Cu和Mn,富Ni原子团簇可以作为富Cu原子团簇析出时的形核区。实验还检测到富Mn原子团簇,当Mn原子团簇中含有较高的Ni时,它也可以成为富Cu原子团簇析出时成核的地方。由于钢中的合金元素Ni在形成富Ni原子团簇后会成为富Cu原子团簇析出时成核区,因而提高Ni的含量将促进富Cu原子团簇的析出,这是合金元素Ni会增加压力容器钢中子辐照脆化敏感性的本质原因。     

Investigations of nanomaterials synthesized in carbon–helium plasma at atmospheric pressure

Analysis of fullerenes synthesized at the injection of nickel and iron particles in carbon–helium plasma was carried out. It was found that atoms of the metals and fullerenes can form nanoclusters under these conditions. The conditions for separation of such clusters were proposed.     

喷射沉积Al-Si-Ni-Cu-Mg合金的显微组织和相组成

利用喷射沉积技术制备了Ａ１Ｓｉ２０Ｎｉ４Ｃｕ３Ｍｇ合金,分析了合金沉积态、挤压态和Ｔ６热处理态的微观组织,结果表明,组织中存在三种含Ｎｉ的金属间化合物,在挤压和Ｔ６热处理时,它们能够有效地阻碍Ｓｉ原子的扩散,抑制初晶Ｓｉ的长大。此外,起常常强化作用的Ｃｕ与Ａｌ,Ｓｉ一起形成的金属间体例物,影响了合金在Ｔ６热处理时的沉淀强化作用。     

On the possibility of rhenium clustering in nickel-based superalloys

In order to elucidate the role of this element in superalloy metallurgy, the binding energy of Re–Re pairs and the stability of small Re clusters in the nickel face-centred cubic (fcc) lattice is investigated using ab initio density functional theory. It is shown that the formation of Re–Re nearest neighbour pairs is energetically unfavourable, and that this repulsive energy is dramatically reduced as soon as the solute atoms move further apart from one another. Furthermore, small nearest neighbour and second neighbour Re clusters are found to be unstable. The calculations are repeated for W and Ta, which lie beside Re in the periodic table; the results are essentially the same, except that some Ta–Ta higher order pairs have a positive binding energy, consistent with the Ni–Ta binary phase diagram exhibiting several ordered intermetallics. The predictions show that Re clusters are unstable in fcc Ni and it is unlikely that clustering has a role in improving creep and fatigue properties (the rhenium-effect) in Ni-based superalloys.     

铸态亚共晶Al-Si合金中初生硅的生长机制(英文)

利用光学显微镜和电子背散射衍射技术观察亚共晶Al-10%Si合金的微观结构特征。结果表明,在亚共晶合金内很容易发现初生硅颗粒。研究亚共晶Al-10%Si合金溶液中初生硅析出过程中的晶核形成和生长机制,发现硅原子容易偏析并形成Si-Si簇,即使在共晶和亚共晶合金内,这一现象也会导致初生硅的形成。另外,由化学驱动力和较大的堆积碰撞或溶质的凝固偏析等原因引起的溶质再分配在初生硅的形成过程中也起着重要的作用,其中溶质再分配方程由Jackson-Chalmers方程推导而出。一旦硅溶质浓度超过共晶成分,在固/液界面的前端就会析出初生硅。     

镍和硅对低温高韧性球墨铸铁耐蚀性能的影响

通过模拟海水静态全浸腐蚀试验,研究了镍和硅对低温高韧性球墨铸铁的耐蚀性能的影响.结果表明:在硅量一定时,腐蚀速率随镍量的增加而降低;在镍量一定时,腐蚀速率随硅量的增加而降低.在所设计的成分范围内,低温高韧性球墨铸铁的腐蚀速率都小于0.1g·m-2· h-1,属于1级耐蚀等级.当Si量为2.46％,Ni量为1.74％时,在3.5％NaCl腐蚀液中的腐蚀速率最低为0.042 86 g·m-2·h-1.     

Modification of the SOI-like structures by annealing under high hydrostatic pressure

The effect of enhanced hydrostatic pressure during annealing (HP-HT treatment) on creation/transformation of SiO₂ in silicon implanted with oxygen (Si:O, oxygen doses 1×10¹⁴–1×10¹⁶ cm⁻²) was studied by infrared absorption, photoluminescence and X-ray (synchrotron) methods. The redistribution of oxygen atoms at HP-HT in the Si:O structures, prepared by implantation with low doses (down to 1×10¹⁴ cm⁻²) of oxygen ions, leads to generation of separated clusters having the structure of a SiO_2−x network. Enhanced HP stimulates the creation of these clusters. A qualitative explanation of presented results, stressing the role of vacancies in the process of oxygen atoms agglomeration and the influence of compressive stress on the concentration of vacancies, is proposed.     

Response of some cast zinc-base alloys (37.5% Al) comprised of nickel/silicon under different tensile loading conditions

Observations were made during tensile testing of some zinc-base alloys (37.5% Al) comprised of nickel/silicon at different strain rates and temperatures. The zinc-base alloy without nickel/silicon was also tested under identical conditions to see the effects of the alloying elements on the tensile (strength and elongation) properties. The nickel/silicon-free alloy attained tensile properties superior to those samples alloyed with the elements. Moreover, reducing content of copper deteriorated the properties of the alloy system. An increase in silicon content produced similar effects. In general, higher strain rates led to better tensile properties, within limits. Further, strength of the samples deteriorated with test temperature while elongation followed a reverse trend. However, the presence of nickel/silicon reduced the temperature sensitivity of the strength of the alloy system. The behavior of the alloys is discussed in terms of specific features of their microconstituents.     

Effect of π-Al_2O_3 on electrochemical nucleation and chemical binding interaction in nickel electrodeposition

1 INTRODUCTION In recent years , nanometer composite electric brush plating technology has been developed.It is a kind of novel surface repairingtechnology ,which can prepare excellent surface coating[1 7]. The technology is at the stage of development , its foundational theory and application field must be expended. Up to now, investigations have been mainly focused on preparing coating,testing per- formance and developing new brush-plating solu- tion,little attentionis paidto the study …     

Effect of n-Al2O3 on electrochemical nucleation and chemical binding interaction in nickel electrodeposition

The electrochemical nucleation mechanism of nickel on the vitreous carbon electrode from n-Al2 Os/Ni composite brush plating system was investigated using potential step method. The interaction between nano-alumina and matrix metal was researched by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry. The results show that the nano-alumina leads to the increasing of the nuclei density, nucleation rate constant and crystal growth rate during nickel electrocrystallization. Nano-alumina is found to be beneficial for nucleation and growth of nickel. During the electrodeposition process, some nanoparticles are captured effectively on the growing metal surface. As the absorbed nickel atoms are diffusing on electrode surface, some of them arrive at the interface between the captured nano-alumina and the growing metal surface. The unsaturated bond of oxygen on nano-alumina surface can capture some of the absorbed nickel atoms and form nickel-oxygen chemical bond. The new nucleation and growth sites of nickel atoms appear at the interfaces between nanoparticles and metal growing surface. Nanoparticles are embedded gradually in the newly deposited nickel atoms, which leads to the formation of the composite coating. The results indicate that the nano-alumina takes part in the electrode reaction and the unsaturated chemical bond of oxygen on nanoparticle surface can combine with the absorbed nickel atoms by way of chemical bond.     

Nin(n=2-6)原子簇的电子结构和磁性研究

采用MS—Xα方法研究了Nin(n=2—6)原子簇的电子结构和原子磁矩,发现团簇的几何对称性对原子磁矩和电子态密度的分布有重要影响．具有Oh点群对称的八面体原子簇Ni6的^3Eg轨道上存在很强的负交换耦合,呈现反铁磁耦合趋势;具有C3υ点群对称的三边金字塔结构的原子簇Ni5位于塔顶点的Ni原子与基面上的Ni原子磁矩方向相反,但大小不等,呈现出亚铁磁交换耦合特征．与金属Ni相比,有些Ni原子团簇磁性增强,有些团簇磁性减弱．这一结果能够较好地解释铁磁超微颗粒呈现出的表面磁性异常现象．     

液态金属Al快凝过程中纳米级大团簇结构的形成特性模拟研究

采用分子动力学方法，对含有400000个Al原子的液态金属大系统在快凝过程中纳米级团簇结构的形成特性进行了模拟研究，并采用原子团类型指数法(CTIM)来描述各种类型的团簇结构组态。结果显示：二十面体原子团(120120)及其组合在微观结构转变中起着最重要的作用；纳米级大团簇(150个原子)是由一些中等原子团结合而成，等原子团由小原子团组成；这种结构与由其它方法获得的纳米级大团簇的结构完全不同，后者是以某一个原子为中心按八面体结构堆积起来的多壳层晶体结构。这些结果正好可以用来解释用不同方法所形成的Al的团簇结构组态之间的本质区别。     

Early stage SCC initiation analysis of fcc Fe-Cr-Ni ternary alloy at 288 °C: A quantum chemical molecular dynamics approach

The initiation of stress corrosion cracking in fcc Fe-Cr-Ni ternary alloys was studied by means of quantum chemical molecular dynamics at 288 °C. This study showed that the iron and chromium atoms segregate faster than nickel atoms at the surfaces. The atomic model showed that nickel enrichment occurred at the inner oxide layer. The binding energy helps reduce the mobility of the nickel atoms. The surface morphology showed that Fe, Cr, and O accumulate on the very top surface while Fe, Cr, Ni, and O bonding takes place beneath this revealing the formation of an outer and inner oxide film. The diffusion of oxygen and hydrogen into the surface increases when it is under strain. The deeply diffused hydrogen becomes negatively charged by taking electron from metal atoms. Consequently, the process weakens the metallic bonds following with the result that oxygen can diffuse easily into the surface. It seems that hydrogen effectively functions as an oxygen carrier. This kind of reaction process can take place in the molecular domain of a crack tip and thus play a vital role in initiating the SCC process.     

An application of electrochemical method for studying nano-composite plating

Nickel plating is investigated using an electrochemical method in this study. Cathodic polarization indicated that electrode polarization at a current density of 10⁻¹ A/cm² increased by approximately 100 mV in a pH range 3–5, and by nearly 150 mV with 1 g/L of carbon powder in a Watts solution, as compared to bare nickel. The influence of inert particles such as carbon powder, silicon carbide and rice husk ash included in the nickel deposit was studied further using a potentiodynamic technique. Results showed that a co-deposit of nano-particles increased cathodic polarization. With a three-fold increase of the carbon powder in the plating solution, the polarization potential of the nickel deposit was doubled at a current density of 10⁻² A/cm². Passivation of the nickel deposit in the presence of all of the inert particles studied was improved in the area of hundreds of times higher compared to a bare nickel deposit. By increasing the amount of inert particles to twenty times the original amount, the passive current density was decreased by 85–95%. A co-deposit of rice husk ash in the nickel deposit decreased the passive current density by 98%, compared to a carbon and silicon carbide powder. Thus, rice husk ash has the potential to improve the pitting corrosion resistance of nickel composite plating.     

Thermal stability of structure in small gold clusters

Limits of thermal stability of the original fcc phase in gold clusters up to 3.5 nm in diameter have been studied. The simulation carried out by the molecular-dynamics method using a modified TB-SMA tight-binding potential has shown that in small Au clusters under the effect of the temperature factor there occurs a transition from the original fcc phase to other structural modifications, including those with a pentagonal symmetry. As the size of gold nanoparticles increases, the polytypic-transition temperature shifts toward the melting temperature of the cluster. The results obtained are compared with the data for copper and nickel nanoparticles with similar sizes. It has been shown that, in the case of nickel and copper clusters, it is the transition from the fcc phase into structures with a pentagonal symmetry, which are not found in the bulk state, that is the governing factor; the gold clusters demonstrate a much more intricate behavior.     

IN SITU TEM OBSERVATION OF NANOSILICON FIBRE GROWTH

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Fabrication of hollow nickel micro-spheres with high degree of hollowness by silicon powder-mixed spark erosion

For the purpose of developing a simple, fast and low cost method to fabricate the hollow nickel micro-spheres, the hollow nickel micro-spheres with high degree of hollowness were fabricated by silicon powder-mixed spark erosion (SPMSE) in the present paper. Morphologies and loose packed densities of hollow nickel micro-spheres fabricated by the SPMSE and conventional spark erosion (CSE) respectively were studied. The results showed that the hollow nickel micro-spheres fabricated by the SPMSE are bigger and exhibit higher degree of hollowness as compared to the CSE. It is expected that the powder-mixed spark erosion can fabricate hollow nickel micro-spheres with satisfactory particle size and hollowness through adjusting the particle size of silicon powders and machining parameters, even selecting other kinds of semi-conductive or conductive powders. In addition, the powder-mixed spark erosion can also fabricate other kinds of hollow metallic micro-spheres.     

Study of the initial stage of electroless Ni deposition on Si (100) substrates in aqueous alkaline solution

We investigated electroless nickel deposition in aqueous alkaline solution with and without conventional palladium catalyzation and found that nickel deposition was initiated and sustained on silicon substrates even without the palladium nuclei activation of the surface. But the resulting quality of the nickel film was not as good as the one with the prior activation. The reason was observably directed to the initial stage of the deposition processes. Nickel deposits nucleation on silicon surface was considered crucial for subsequent achievement of a well adhered, least damage influenced film. Effects of ammonia fluoride, nickel ion concentration and bath temperature in the aqueous nickel bath without reducing agent were studied over the nucleation results. The existence of fluorine ions in the solution increased the density of nickel nuclei particles and refined nickel particle sizes to the most extent, while concentrated nickel bath enhanced the nucleation as well. Consequently the improved quality of nickel film that was obtained from the electroless baths can be attributed to the fine and dense nickel particles formed in the initial stage by virtue of the fluorine ion, concentrated nickel ion and elevated temperature.     

Chemical and deformational interactions in solid solution of carbon in nickel

A first-principles stuy of ordering phenomena in hcp interstitial solid solutions of oxygen and nitrogen in Ti, Zr and Hf has demonstrated that the dominant contributions to the interaction energy of interstitial atoms are of chemical nature; thus, it is necessary to modify the previously established concepts about the priority role of deformational interactions in interstitial solutions. We have continued studies of the role of chemical and deformational interactions of interstitial atoms by the example of solid solutions of carbon in nickel. The results obtained also confirm a significant role of chemical interactions between carbon atoms in these solid solutions. The results were compared with the experimental data on the enthalpy of carbon dissolution in nickel and on the coefficient of solutal expansion of the lattice.