计算热力学在钢中非金属夹杂物研究中的应用

简要介绍了采用计算热力学方法分析钢中非金属夹杂物形成过程中涉及到的多元多相体系的热力学模拟。尝试应用Thermo-Calc软件系统对非金属夹杂物的形成热力学进行了探讨。指出,尽管Thermo-Calc软件具有较强的实用性,但为了拓宽该软件的工业应用前景,应对其中的SLAG数据库进行必要的完善。     

Computer Aided Design of Heat Treatment for AISI P20＋Ni Mold Steel with Good Machinability

THE COST of machinability in a mould usuallyexceeds60%of its total expense,showing theimportance of the machinability as one behavior forAISI P20+Ni steel which is a kind of versatilecommercial mold steel for plastic.Recently manyfactors influencing the machinability of mold steel havebeen further revealed.But relevant study almostfocused at the control of non-metallic inclusion and theformation of free machining phase in steel duringsteelmaking.Until now there is still no adequateinforma…     

包晶钢中间包快换板坯接痕漏钢原因分析

为了研究包晶钢中间包快换过程中板坯接痕处漏钢的问题,对现场调查发生规律持续进行跟踪,采用扫描电镜对接痕处漏钢机理进行分析。结果表明,中间包快换过程中漏钢与坯壳收缩和接痕处非金属夹杂物聚集有关,非金属夹杂物成分为保护渣。通过优化中间包快换过程坯壳冷却补缩程序、优化钢水过热度、增加连接件、优化清理保护渣渣条、改进开浇等措施,包晶钢中间包快换过程板坯接痕漏钢事故得到有效抑制,发生率由1.08%降至0。     

Thermodynamic aspects of inclusion engineering in steels

Tailoring non-metallic inclusions in accordance to the desired effect on steel properties has gained widespread acceptance in the last decades and has become known as “inclusion engineering”. Effective inclusion engineering involves three steps： （a） a good knowledge of how inclusions influence properties, （b） understanding what is the effect of each type of inclusions on these properties and thus which is the most desirable inclusion in a given product and （c） adjusting the processing parameters to obtain these inclusions. A significant portion of the process adjustment is done during steel refining, where the steel can be tailored so that the desired chemical composition of the non-metallic inclusions that will precipi- tate can be altered. Understanding the relations between steel chemistry, processing variables and inclusion chemical composition requires significant understanding of the thermodynamics of the systems involved. These complex equilibrium calculations are best done using computational thermodynamics. In this work some of the basic techniques used to control inclusion composition are reviewed and the thermodynamic information required to perform this task is presented. Several examples of the application of computational thermodynamics to inclusion engineering of different steels grades are presented and compared with experimental results, whenever possible. The potential and limitations of the method are highlighted, in special those related to thermodynamic data and databases.     

Computer-aided designing and manufacturing of advanced steels

Suitable optimization and simulation were performed using a powerful software package with a mature database as well as modem measurement facilities, which led to the successful designing and manufacturing of advanced steels. In the course of designing, the composition of a large section of prehardened mold steel for plastics was estimated so as to lower the quantities of oxide inclusions to change the type of carbides and to raise the machinability. The composition and process were adjusted to obtain satisfactory surface quality for the prevailing galvanization in transformation-induced plasticity （TRIP） steel. The refuting process of low-carbon steel was simulated in the light of both Thermo-Calc and Factsage. Thermodynamic and kinetic analyses were always conducted during the test and the procedure.     

热处理对718塑料模具钢加工性能的影响

对718塑料模具钢经过不同工艺热处理后的加工性能进行了研究，分析了影响其加工性能的主要因素。采用TEM和Thermo-Calc软件对718塑料模具钢组织中的碳化物类型及其在钢中的溶解过程进行了试验研究和模拟计算，指出正火后高温回火对小截面该钢模块具有一定的实用性。     

45钢棒料的质量检验和重结晶退火工艺研究

45钢棒料制成的工件经正火或调质处理后存在局部难以加工的问题,通过硬度、化学成分、金相、扫描电镜和能谱等方法对其进行了检验和分析。结果表明,该棒料组织不均匀,有网状铁素体及带状偏析,局部存在屈氏体组织和金属或非金属夹杂。采用重结晶退火可以改善原有组织的缺陷,满足工件的加工性能要求。     

HRB400热轧带肋钢筋冷弯断裂原因的分析

国内西北某钢厂生产的HRB400热轧带肋钢筋在冬天作业时常常出现冷弯断裂。通过扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)、Thermo-Calc热力学软件以及光学显微镜(OM)等,对HRB400螺纹钢冷弯断裂的原因进行了研究,论述了非金属夹杂物、磷含量、钒氮比及显微组织对钢筋断裂的影响。结果表明:试验钢断口为脆性断口;破碎状的大尺寸夹杂物可能是裂纹产生的源头;钢中P含量偏高使得韧-脆转变温度升高,且自由氮的存在加剧了该温度的进一步升高,由于西北地区冬天气温低,钢筋作业时的温度很可能低于韧-脆转变温度,使钢筋处于脆性状态;魏氏组织的存在增加了钢筋的脆性,为裂纹的扩展提供了可能性。由于国内西北、东北地区温度较低,对在西北、东北地区使用的HRB400热轧带肋钢筋应提出更高的要求,对P、S、O、N的含量应有新的标准,以满足冬天作业时使用温度高于韧-脆转变温度的需要。     

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通过理化性能、氢致开裂(HIC)、硫化物应力开裂(SSC)等试验及制管工艺过程对油气输送用X65级别的直缝埋弧焊管抗硫化氢(H2S)腐蚀性能进行了研究,认为应从钢板化学成分、力学性能、晶粒度、非金属夹杂物和带状组织等方面提出合理的抗H2S管线材料要求,同时适当匹配焊材,采用UOE等低残余应力的制管工艺来控制焊管的抗H2S能力。     

模具新材料在塑料模中的应用及展望

模具材料是决定模具性能和寿命的重要因素之一.叙述了对塑料模具用钢材料的性能要求和钢材的种类及选择,介绍了一些新型塑料模具用钢的成分、热处理和性能特点,说明了它们在不同类型模具中的应用范围,并对今后的发展进行了展望.     

冷却速度对大厚度P20塑料模具钢硬度的影响

采用JMatPro软件,研究了一定成分下P20塑料模具钢的淬火工艺,分析了不同冷却速度下P20模具钢的显微组织以及硬度情况。结果表明:增大冷却速度将会显著抑制铁素体、珠光体以及贝氏体的转变,增加马氏体的转变量。为保证大厚度P20模具钢心部硬度值,其冷却速度需大于1℃/s以满足其技术要求。     

电磁过滤钢液中非金属夹杂物的运动速度和去除效率的理论分析

电磁过滤原理是根据非金属夹杂物与熔体导电性的差异,在电磁场作用下非金属夹杂物与熔体的运动规律不同,使非金属夹杂物与熔体分离,经流体力学分析、采用柱塞流及轨线模型研究电磁过滤水平流动钢液中非金属夹杂物的运动速度和去除效率,结果表明,非金属夹杂物的去除效率随着熔体流速（u)和过滤器的高度（2h)的降低而增加;随着电磁力（f)、电磁力作用区长度（x)和非金属夹杂物的粒径（dp)的增加而增加,经分析表明,采用电磁过滤法可有效去除粒径小于10um的非金属夹杂物,该模型可用来设计过滤器的结构和确定电磁过滤工艺参数,为电磁去除钢液中的非金属夹杂物技术的工业应用提供理论基础。     

Thermo-Calc和DICTRA软件系统在高性能钢研制中的应用

介绍了Thermo-Calc和DICTRA软件系统及其在高性能钢研制中的最新应用。结果表明，采用该软件系统可对奥氏体转变，碳化物溶解与粗化以及渗氮层形成等钢中相变过程进行模拟，为准确制定热处理工艺参数提供参考，同时还可预测钢中各组元对相变的影响并据此进行成分优化设计,说明该软件系统在高性能钢的研制与开发方面具有良好的发展前景。     

BN对IF钢连铸结晶器保护渣理化性能的影响

采用BN替代碳质材料,研究BN对IF钢连铸保护渣理化性能的影响,在此基础上设计开发出IF钢新型连铸保护渣.新型连铸保护渣在熔化特性、粘性特征、夹杂物吸收能力和结晶性能等方面与传统连铸保护渣十分接近.新型骨架粒子BN可以使连铸保护渣熔化温度、熔化速度、粘度和结晶温度减小、Al2O3吸收速率增大.采用新型连铸保护渣可以彻底解决IF钢的结晶器内增碳问题,不会发生IF钢增硼问题,而在非稳态浇注条件下可能发生增硼反应.     

低倍缺陷对38CrSi钢力学性能的影响

用酸蚀方法研究38CrSi钢的低倍缺陷与力学性能的关系。结果表明,低倍缺陷对钢的强度和塑性影响不大,而它对钢的冲击性能有明显作用,这种作用与钢中非金属夹杂物含量有关,夹杂物含量越高,钢的冲击韧性越低,通过电镜分析认为是α-MnS夹杂物。     

应用极值分析法推测车轮钢中最大夹杂物尺寸

随着钢纯净度的提高,钢中大尺寸脆性非金属夹杂物出现概率逐渐降低,常规的夹杂物检测方法很难捕捉到,但这些大尺寸脆性夹杂物对其疲劳寿命有重要影响。介绍了一种钢中最大夹杂物尺寸的分析方法——极值分析法,采用该方法推测车轮钢中的最大脆性夹杂物尺寸,并用能谱仪分析了大尺寸脆性夹杂物的元素成分。结果表明：基于Gumbel分布函数的极值分析法可以作为估计车轮钢中最大夹杂物尺寸的一种方法;当该方法用在实际大生产检验中,应注意累积分布概率F(x)的选取,即样本总量对评估结果影响较大;车轮钢中大尺寸B类夹杂物的化学成分一般为CaO+Al₂O₃。     

洗衣机上盖板注射模设计

洗衣机上盖板属于透明曲面板类塑件,分析了该塑件的结构特点,设计了一幅双分型面注射模,并介绍了该模具的工作过程。实践证明所设计模具结构合理,操作方便,生产效率高。     

1.2738大型塑料模具钢抛光麻点缺陷分析

通过分析存在抛光麻点问题的大型汽车模具,确定为钢中夹杂物的影响,利用扫描电镜确定了夹杂物成分及具体来源,通过氩气保护浇注系统优化,有效防止了浇注过程钢液的二次氧化。通过模内充氩优化,降低了浇注系统内氧含量,以上工艺措施有效地控制了钢中夹杂物水平。     

Cutting temperature in intermittent cutting

With increasing cutting speed, the cutting temperature increases only to a certain limit, and in the case of intermittent cutting, it even reduces after a certain maximum.A new empirical function is suggested, which describes the relationship between cutting speed and cutting temperature even at high cutting speeds and in the case of intermittent cutting appropriately. The new function has been applied to non-metallic coat formation in the case of intermittent cutting.     

Simulation of low carbon steel solidification and mold flux crystallization in continuous casting using a multi-mold simulator

An inverted water-cooled multi-mold continuous casting simulator was used to investigate initial solidification of low-carbon steels and crystallization of mold flux. Embedded mold thermocouples showed characteristic temperature profiles dependent on parameters including casting speed, oscillation frequency, and stroke. Higher maximum temperatures for thermocouples at higher casting speeds, higher frequencies, and lower stroke lengths were observed. The surface of the as-cast steel strips showed oscillation marks similar to those of industrially cast slabs and higher casting speeds resulted in shallower oscillation marks. The measured pitch agreed well with the theoretical pitch suggesting the multi-mold simulator to be a cost-effective alternative to pursue fundamental studies on initial solidification in the mold. Analysis of the mold flux taken between the copper mold and solidified steel shell showed highly dendritic uni-directional crystallization occurring within the flux film suggesting that the heat transfer direction is dominantly horizontal towards the water-cooled copper mold. In addition, the solidified flux located at the upper to lower part of the mold suggested morphological differences in the size and shape of the crystalline phases indicating that crystallization ratio can increase depending upon the retention in the mold and subsequently decrease radiative heat transfer as the flux traverses down the mold.