获得高质量齿轮的控制渗碳

渗碳的合金钢齿轮在经过适当的热处理后能够获得最大的负荷能力。为进行高质量的渗碳处理,必须非常仔细地控制渗层深度、渗层显微组织和表面硬度。碳渗入轮齿的深度是气氛碳势、温度、时间和钢的成分的函数。零件渗碳生产之诸多问题中的第一个问题是:如何以及在何处测量渗层深度?在许多齿轮的图纸或渗碳技术条件中,要求的渗层深度是在轮齿内部获得一定硬度值处,通常是齿面到HRC 50处的法向距离。最有效的测试部位是在齿侧中部的单齿啮合最低点(LPSTC)处。这比碳的渗入深度复杂得多,因为此硬度不仅受钢中含碳量的影响,而且和钢的淬透性、…     

渗碳方法对滚珠丝杠轴组织与性能的影响

对含0.18%C、1.21%Mn和1.06%Cr(质量分数)的16MnCr5钢滚珠丝杠轴分别于930℃进行了以氮-甲醇作介质的气体渗碳和以乙炔作介质的真空渗碳。渗碳后分别油淬和气淬,并180℃回火。检测了渗碳层和基体的微观组织、硬度以及至表面以下550 HV1处的深度。结果表明:采用两种方法渗碳随后淬火和低温回火的滚珠丝杠轴渗层组织均为细小的高碳马氏体和少量残留奥氏体,表面硬度高于700 HV1;气体渗碳层有12～20μm深的内氧化层,真空渗碳层基本没有内氧化;与经气体渗碳的滚珠丝杠轴相比,真空渗碳的丝杠轴基体含有少量铁素体,导致其硬度较低,外圆面、滚道和凸缘等部位的硬化层更均匀。     

复合化学热处理对G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V钢组织和硬度的影响

采用扫描电镜、洛氏硬度计和维氏显微硬度计研究了渗氮140 h对渗碳+淬火+回火G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V钢微观组织及硬度的影响。结果表明,渗碳+淬火+回火后G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V钢有效渗碳层深度为1.45 mm,渗碳层最高硬度为785 HV,心部硬度为420 HV,经渗氮处理后有效渗碳+渗氮层深度降为1.34 mm,渗氮层深度为0.22 mm,渗氮层最高硬度可达到948 HV,心部硬度为451 HV,较未渗氮试样硬度略有提高。渗碳+淬火+回火和添加渗氮处理后G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V钢的表面洛氏硬度相当,均在62~65 HRC 之间,但渗氮处理后试样的硬度波动性较大。添加140 h渗氮的渗碳+淬火+回火后G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V钢实现了“表面硬心部韧”的目标,渗氮层深度满足工程需要,但添加渗氮处理后G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V钢在渗碳层和渗氮层出现类网状碳化物,因此在渗氮过程中需要综合考虑渗氮层深度和微观组织,以获得良好的综合力学性能。     

调速器飞锤支架全渗碳层深度的研究

对几种典型飞锤支架用钢进行渗碳、淬火回火,分别用金相法和硬度法测定渗碳层深度,通过对检测结果的对比分析,探讨了其平衡组织中60%铁素体处的渗层深度、硬度为513 HV处的渗层深度及硬度法测定的全渗碳层深度之间的对应关系,并分析了材料的淬透性、淬火工艺参数及淬火介质等因素对渗碳硬化层深度的影响,其结果为飞锤支架渗碳淬火的生产过程控制、现场检测提供了依据.     

17Cr2Ni2MoVNb和20Cr2Ni4A钢齿轮渗碳质量与弯曲疲劳寿命的试验研究

通过金相检测和显微硬度测试等手段,对17Cr2Ni2MoVNb钢齿轮和20Cr2Ni4A钢齿轮的渗层、心部组织、晶粒度及渗层深度等渗碳处理质量进行分析,并采用PLG-300C拉压疲劳试验机对上述两种材料齿轮进行弯曲疲劳寿命测试。结果表明,齿轮加载齿根处有效渗层深度和显微硬度是齿轮弯曲疲劳寿命的主要影响因素,相同载荷条件下加载齿根处有效渗层深度减小,轮齿弯曲疲劳寿命明显缩短;加载齿根显微硬度增大,轮齿弯曲疲劳寿命提高。渗层表面出现浅层脱碳层时(齿根脱碳层≤0.2 mm),虽然会降低轮齿的弯曲疲劳寿命,但相比加载齿根处的渗层深度和表面硬度,脱碳层的影响并不明显。     

高合金表面硬化轴承钢的滚动接触疲劳行为研究

目的 探究高合金表面硬化轴承钢的滚动接触疲劳失效机理,以提高钢的疲劳寿命.方法 在球棒滚动接触疲劳试验机上进行滚动接触疲劳试验,测试试验钢的疲劳寿命,其中,滚动体为GCr15钢,钢棒为高合金表面硬化轴承钢.采用显微硬度仪、光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件等,分析了失效钢棒的渗碳层深度、碳化物类型、碳化物分布,研究钢棒表面磨损行为和滚动接触疲劳的失效类型、裂纹起裂原因、裂纹扩展机理.结果 试验钢棒经表面渗碳处理后,渗碳层深度达到1.6 mm,表面硬度最高为827HV.渗碳层碳化物为M23C6、M7C3、M6C,其中,M23C6主要分布在渗碳层晶界上,M7C3和M6C主要分布在晶体内部.试验钢棒在5 GPa接触应力下循环1.02×109周次后,其滚道深度为9.3μm,压入量为0.093％.球棒润滑状态为部分膜弹流润滑,随着疲劳周次的增加,表面磨损加剧,磨损类型为疲劳磨损.循环2.76×108周次后,钢棒发生剥落失效,失效类型为渗碳层碳化物引起的表面起裂失效和次表面剪切应力引起的次表面起裂失效.在剥落坑下部,发现白蚀区(white etching area,WEA),WEA的硬度为684HV,比基体的硬度升高了25.4％.在WEA内,与滚动方向呈一定角度的小裂纹汇聚形成主裂纹,主裂纹穿过渗碳层,终止于距表面1.5 mm处.在距表面560μm处,发现宽度为610μm的黑蚀区(dark etching regions,DER),DER的硬度为612HV,比基体的硬度降低了10.5％.结论 控制渗碳层的碳化物尺寸和形状,可以进一步提高高合金表面硬化轴承钢滚动接触疲劳寿命.     

真空渗碳均匀性测试

测定了30CrMnTi钢试样在卧式双室真空渗碳炉渗碳并炉冷或淬火后的渗碳层深度、有效硬化层深度和表面硬度的均匀性。结果表明,按目标渗层深度1.0 mm真空渗碳和炉冷的试样,用金相法测定的渗层深度偏差≤0.10 mm。按目标渗层深度1～2 mm真空渗碳和淬火的试样的有效硬化层深度偏差≤0.10 mm。同炉次渗碳、淬火试样的表面硬度偏差≤1.5 HRC,不同炉次渗碳、淬火试样的表面硬度偏差≤2.5 HRC。     

20CrMnTi钢真空低压渗碳工艺及组织性能研究

研究了20Cr Mn Ti钢真空低压渗碳过程中渗碳温度和渗碳时间对渗层深度、渗层硬度分布和表面碳含量的影响,并分析了碳含量对渗层硬度分布的影响规律,比较了真空渗碳和气体渗碳两种渗碳工艺对盲孔结构的渗碳结果和渗层组织。结果表明,随渗碳温度的升高和渗碳时间的延长,渗层深度和表面碳含量增大,但表面硬度下降。碳含量对渗层硬度分布的分析结果表明,碳质量分数为0.78%时,渗碳层具有最高淬火硬度。对于盲孔结构,相较于气体渗碳,真空渗碳能显著减小渗层深度偏差,并改善渗层组织。     

圆弧滚道中频感应淬火工艺

对40CrNi2Mo钢弧形滚道进行了中频感应淬火工艺试验。研究了感应设备输出功率、滚道转速、滚道与感应器之间的间隙等工艺参数对滚道表面硬度和淬硬层深度的影响。结果表明,当输出功率为70%、旋转速度为33°/min、感应器与滚道之间的间隙为1.4 mm时,滚道表面硬度≥56 HRC,硬化层深度为4.5~5.5 mm,满足技术要求。     

怎样对渗碳工件进行检验?

正生产中对渗碳工件的主要技术要求是表面硬度,有效硬化层深度(渗层深度)和心部硬度。渗碳工件大多是在载荷较重的情况下服役,而且是关键零件,为了保证这些零件稳定可靠地工作,有时还要对心部组织、渗层组织和渗层硬度分布进行检验。1)表面硬度渗碳工件表面硬度与其耐磨性有密切联系,通常是用洛氏硬度计直接在工件表面测量.由于所加载荷较大,压痕较深,实际测出的是表层硬度的综合值。2)有效硬化层深度     

SrxBa1-xBi4Ti4O15陶瓷及SrBi4Ti4O15／BaBi4Ti4O15复合材料的性能研究

采用固相烧结工艺制备了SrxBa1-xBi4Ti4O15铁电陶瓷和SrBi4Ti4O15／BaBi4Ti4O15铁电复合材料。在固相反应过程中，680℃时SrBi4Ti4O15或BaBi4Ti4O15开始生成：800℃时材料主晶相基本形成，但是还有微量焦绿石相存在；850℃时SrBi4Ti4O15或BaBi4Ti4O15的主要衍射峰全部出现。随着Ba含量的增加，SrxBa1-xBi4Ti4O15陶瓷的居里温度逐渐降低。Sr0.5Ba0.5Bi4Ti4O15，陶瓷的介电常数峰在高频时较宽，在100Hz时，介电常数峰被随温度升高而逐渐增大的介电常数所“屏蔽”，材料介电损耗随温度升高而增大，但在低频下增加得更快，这是高温下由氧空位引起的电子松弛极化造成的。将预烧后的SrBi4Ti4O15和BaBi4Ti4O15粉体分别造粒后冉均匀混合，压片成型，经烧结制得的SrBi4Ti4O15／BaBi4Ti4O15复合陶瓷其相变弥散特性明显优于SrxBa1-xBi4Ti4O15的相变弥散特性。     

快速凝固Al—4Cr—4Zr—2Ti合金的时效特性

利用透射电镜观察了Al-4Cr-4Zr-2Ti（原子百分比）合金的显微组织,并测定了相应的显微硬度。结果表明：快凝合金在400℃,4h时效达到峰值硬度,Hv达2420MPa,此时的析出相为Al13Cr2和与基体共格的亚稳相Ll2-Al3Zr。合金经400℃,96h时效后的显微硬度与急冷态硬度和峰值硬度相比仅分别下降10％和14％。而500℃,4h时效后,由于Ll2-Al3Zr转变为DO23－Al3Zr并且析出相粗化,导致合金硬度急剧下降。     

Inhibierung von wässerigen und alkoholisch wässerigen Wärmeträgern

Inhibition of aqueous and alcoholic-aqueous heat-carriers To examine the effect of corrosion inhibitors mainly ®Preventol CI-2 in aqueous and aqueous alcoholic heat transfer media gravimetric and electrochemical corrosion tests were carried out with the materials grey cast iron, unalloyed steel, copper, brass, lead-tin-solder, aluminium and aluminium alloys up to a temperature of 90°C. In the presence of the inhibitor Preventol CI-2 uniform layers from 10 to ? 50 nm thickness are found on the metal surfaces and the measured massloss (ASTM, EMPA) decreased decidedly. Local corrosion as occurs e.g. by insufficient concentration of inhibitors forming surface layers, was found in none of the cases. The electrochemical examinations confirm the results of the chemical tests and provide indications with regard to the effective mechanisms. The influence of temperature and flow rate on the protective efficiency of the inhibitor can be showed. It is possible to eliminate the risk of galvanic corrosion by contacting copper and aluminium. The cavitation corrosion of grey cast iron is also appreciably reduced. Preventol CI-2 is a broad spectrum inhibitor for aqueous and aqueous alcoholic heat transfer media.     

Homogenität und Korrosionsbeständigkeit hochlegierter Stähle

Homogeneity and corrosion resistance of high alloy steels A major number of case histories in the chemical industry are due to local corrosion the origin of which can be attributed to the inhomogeneity of the steels produced according to conventional melting process. Special processes such as electro slag remelting may give rise to a considerable increase in structural homogeneity of corrosion resistant alloys. Typical examples are increased resistance to nitric acid, Streicher's solution, seawater or reaction mixtures of urea synthesis. These results clearly demonstrate the superiority of the material which is largely free from inhomogeneities such as segregations which give rise to local corrosion phenomena.     

Order-disorder phase transition in NH4AlF4

In this study we calculate the specific heat C_VI for NH₄AlF₄ due to the nearest-neighbor interactions between the NH⁺ ₄ tetrahedra using an Ising model superimposed on an Einstein and/or Debye model. The specific heat C_VI calculated using a power-law formula is in good agreement with the observed C_P for the NH₄AlF₄ system. This is an indication that NH₄AlF₄ undergoes a weak first-order or a nearly second-order phase transition as predicted by our model.     

Widerstandsfähigkeit hitzebeständiger Stähle gegen Aufkohlung

Cementation resistance of heat-resistant steels The cementation process in atmosphere used for the cementation of unalloyed and low-alloyed steels has been examined in 79 melts of Cr and CrNi steels. A characteristic feature was the simultaneous cementation and oxidation of the steels, with characteristic differences depending on the steel composition. These differences can be explained by the different composition and structure of the oxide layers which appear at the outset and may, in certain circumstances, inhibit the carbon diffusion into the interior of the metal. Sometimes, however, an inner oxidation may also occur below a cemented zone. In principle, elements capable of improving the heat resistance — e.g. Ni, Si, Cr, Al — have a favourable effect whilst Mn has a markedly unfavourable effect. The favourable effect of Ti, recently observed, is probably connected with the grain-refining effect.     

SKT4

正SKT4钢具有良好的韧性、强度和高耐磨性;在室温和500~600℃时力学性能几乎相同,加热到500℃时,仍能保持住300 HB左右的硬度;由于钢中含有钼,因而对回火脆性并不敏感;从600℃缓慢冷却下来后,冲击韧性仅稍有降低;具有良好的淬透性,300 mm×400 mm×300 mm的大块钢料,自820℃油淬和560℃回     

YXM4

正YXM4为钨钢高速度钢,适宜于制造强力切割用耐磨,耐冲击各种工具,高级冲模,螺丝模,较需韧性及形状繁杂工具,铣刀,钻头等。化学成份(%):0. 87～0. 95 C;0. 45 Si;0. 40 Mn; 3. 80～4. 50 Cr; 5. 90～6. 70 W; 1. 70～2. 10 Mo;4. 80 V。热处理:锻造温度1100～900℃;退火温度800～850℃,保温2～4 h后随炉冷却;淬火温度,先预热至550～600℃,二次预热至950℃,再加热至奥氏体温度1220～1250℃或1200～1230℃,油淬,油温必须40～60℃;回火温度550～570℃,在静止空气中冷却,重复二次;硬度63 HRC以上;退火硬度265 HBS,淬火回火硬度 63 HRS。     

Phase diagrams of Li2MoO4-Na2MoO4 and Na2MoO4-K2MoO4 systems

The phase diagrams of the Li2MoO4-Na2MoO4 and Na2MoO4-K2MoO4 systems have been reassessed using differential thermal analysis together with high-temperature and room-temperature X-ray diffraction analysis. The results showed that the compound Li2MoO4.6Na2MoO4 did not exist; however, it confirmed the existence of the compound Li2MoO4.3Na2MoO4 in the Li2MoO4-Na2MoO4 systen＇ls. With regard to the system of Na2MoO4-K2MoO4, we could not confirm the results reported by Bukhanova who claimed that the system was eutectic type with 1：1 and 1：2 intermediate compounds, refuting the statement of Amadori who thought there was an apparent phase boundary at high temperature in α-solid solution region of the Na2MoO4-K2MoO4 binary system. The revised phase diagrams of these systems are illustrated in this article. These experimental results are in agreement with the computerized prediction using the support vector machine-atomic parameter method for the assessment of phase diagrams.