机器人柔性关节前馈力/位混合控制策略研究

针对机器人关节柔性引起的轨迹跟踪误差问题和末端执行器残余振动现象,在PD反馈控制律基础上,提出一种基于柔体动力学模型的前馈力矩补偿控制算法和后置多模态自适应输入整形算法前馈力/位混合控制策略。建立六轴工业机器人柔体动力学简化模型,在不附加关节编码器和外设的情况下进行柔体动力学参数辨识,再将动力学模型改写为力矩计算方程,经计算得到前馈力矩并加入控制律中进行补偿;计算前馈力矩所用的期望轨迹需经过输入整形器处理,考虑机器人系统的时变性问题,采用后置多模态自适应输入整形算法对期望输入位移信号进行命令整形,从而抑制末端的残余振动现象。结果表明：所提出的前馈力/位混合控制策略能有效减少轨迹跟踪误差,抑制机器人末端的残余振动现象。     

下肢外骨骼康复机器人刚柔耦合分析与仿真

下肢外骨骼康复机器人的组成连杆在辅助人类运动的时候会因为自身柔性发生弹性变形,会影响到整个行走轨迹的位置精度和控制的实时性与准确性。针对所设计的下肢外骨骼康复机器人,首先通过步态仿真验证模型的正确性,然后建立其刚柔耦合动力学模型。在刚柔耦合动力学模型的基础上,通过ADAMS和ANSYS完成摆动期阶段内的刚柔耦合动力学联合仿真,得到其动态变形误差数据。结果表明：在Y方向、Z方向位移误差和整体位移误差分别在-38～3.6 mm、-7.5～3 mm、-6～14.5 mm内波动,与其他两方面相比,Y方向上的位移误差最大,在误差允许的范围内。验证了下肢外骨骼康复机器人刚柔耦合模型的正确性与合理性,为后续的结构优化和控制系统的设计提供了参考依据。     

基于滑模PID控制的下肢康复外骨骼控制研究

为增强外骨骼机器人在医疗方面的康复效果,通过研究人体运动机理及人体各关节运动数据,设计了一款基于液压控制的下肢外骨骼机器人。首先,通过建立外骨骼动力学模型,基于拉格朗日法求出髋关节、膝关节处的驱动力矩,建立了髋关节、膝关节的动力学方程;针对动力学模型在实际计算过程中存在着误差及摩檫等因素影响,提出了一种PID和滑模控制相结合的控制算法;运用Matlab软件进行了模拟仿真实验,仿真结果表明,该控制系统能够使外骨骼机械腿达到良好的跟随效果;最后搭建样机实验平台,验证了控制算法的有效性,能够满足患者进行主动康复训练的需求。     

平面三自由度欠驱动机器人轨迹跟踪控制

对平面3R欠驱动机器人的轨迹跟踪控制问题进行了研究,该机器人有两个驱动关节和一个自由关节.利用拉格朗日方程建立了该机器人的动力学模型.依据该动力学模型,分析了该类机器人的特点,并设计了一种模糊控制方法.控制系统根据模糊逻辑控制器输出量得到主动关节的控制力矩.利用主动关节和被动关节之间的动力学耦合作用,控制被动关节,以实现机器人末端的直线轨迹跟踪任务.采用该控制方法,对控制过程进行了数值仿真,结果表明该方法具有可行性.     

下肢外骨骼机器人结构设计与运动稳定性研究

为帮助下肢瘫痪人群恢复行走功能,设计出一款下肢外骨骼机器人。依据人体运动机制对各个关节的自由度进行了设计,确定了主动关节和被动关节类型并选用合适的驱动方式,详细介绍了主要部位的结构设计。论述了机器人的工作机制以及工作方式。建立下肢外骨骼机器人的连杆模型,规划出关节运动轨迹并求解出各个关节旋转运动曲线。利用ADAMS仿真软件将所规划的步态曲线进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明:各个关节运动曲线柔顺平滑,无明显冲击。在一个周期内,与理论计算值相比,各个关节的角度仿真值误差均小于±1.5°,在合理误差范围之内。利用COG理论验证步态轨迹的动态稳定性,证明了所规划的步态曲线的合理性。     

基于混合摩擦的柔性关节机器人跟踪控制研究

针对柔性与摩擦的存在导致机器人关节跟踪控制效果不理想的问题,考虑柔性与摩擦建立完善的动力学模型,并设计神经网络反演复合控制器。动力学模型中以弹性扭簧模型描述关节柔性,以包含静摩擦、库伦摩擦、黏性摩擦和Stribeck摩擦的混合摩擦模型描述关节摩擦。针对柔性关节的特点设计反演控制器,并在此控制器的基础上以RBF神经网络算法实现摩擦等非线性项补偿。最后通过MATLAB仿真验证所设计控制器的有效性,并分析不同摩擦模型对跟踪精度的影响。实验结果表明:与PD控制器相比,采用所构建的复合控制器缩短了响应时间且减小了跟踪误差。该控制器可以实现柔性关节机器人轨迹的良好跟踪,提高了跟踪控制效果。     

基于PID迭代学习控制的码垛机器人研究

以平行四杆件的码垛机器人为研究对象,运用机器人动力学中的拉格朗日功能平衡法建立码垛机器人的动力学模型。在经典PID控制的基础上,运用迭代学习控制(ILC)对系统未知参数和干扰进行补偿,实现机器人系统各关节对期望运行轨迹的跟踪控制。通过对控制系统的分析和仿真可得,在机器人系统稳定工作的前提下,将迭代学习率设置为0.75,经过10次迭代学习之后,系统的误差绝对值最大值与期望轨迹的比值能够控制在10%以下。实验结果表明,码垛机器人的PID迭代学习轨迹跟踪控制可以获得较高的跟踪精度。     

基于动力学补偿的并联机器人鲁棒轨迹跟踪控制研究

针对6-DOF并联机器人系统存在动力学建模误差和外界不确定性因素干扰的问题,提出了一种基于动力学补偿的并联机器人鲁棒轨迹跟踪控制策略。在充分研究了机器人系统动力学模型特点的基础上,基于Lyapunov方法获得了并联机器人的鲁棒控制率,提出了一种鲁棒轨迹跟踪控制方法,采用逆动力学对内回路进行补偿,外回路采用PD控制,然后对并联机器人进行了鲁棒控制器的设计,最后通过MATLAB进行了系统的轨迹跟踪控制仿真分析。仿真结果表明:当系统存在外界周期干扰的状况时,系统轨迹跟踪误差仍然一致终值有界,在一定程度上提高了系统的鲁棒稳定性。     

仿人机器人腰部机构的动力学建模、控制与仿真

本文介绍的仿人机器人具有差动腰部机构,它除了受自身的动力学影响以外,还受到手臂和车体运动以及外力、外力矩等对腰部机构关节力矩的影响.笔者利用高效牛顿-欧拉算法完成了仿人机器人的整体建模;在不考虑各关节间耦合运动的情况下,对整体动力学模型进行适当简化,得到了腰部机构的动力学模型.简化后的动力学模型既反映了机器人车体、腰部及双臂的动力学关系,又大大地减小了计算量,易于实现基于动力学的控制算法.基于动力学模型,给出了腰部机构PD伺服轨迹跟踪控制算法,并结合计算力矩方法用于补偿腰部机构两关节受到的力矩扰动.仿真分析表明,该控制方法可以明显提高腰部机构的位置跟踪精度,并提高仿人机器人的整体作业精度.     

基于改进模糊自适应补偿的柔性关节机器人PD控制

针对柔性关节机器人具有不确定性、轨迹跟踪精度低和抖动的问题,提出一种改进模糊自适应补偿的PD控制方法。该方法在原有模糊自适应控制和PD控制的基础上进行改进,采用改进模糊自适应控制对PD控制进行补偿,以提高存在不确定性条件下的关节轨迹跟踪精度并抑制抖动。通过Lyapunov理论证明了系统的稳定性。仿真结果表明：新型控制器具有良好的自适应能力,与传统PD控制和模糊自适应控制相比,新型控制策略显著提高了关节的轨迹跟踪精度并在一定程度上抑制了关节抖动。     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Short-Time Aging on the Pitting Corrosion Behavior of a Novel Lean Duplex Stainless Steel 2002

The effect of short-time aging in the temperature range between 400 and 1000 °C on the pitting corrosion behavior and mechanical property of a novel lean duplex stainless steel(LDSS) 2002 was investigated through the potentiostatic critical pitting temperature(CPT) tests and the Charpy impact tests. Both the pitting corrosion resistance and the toughness of aged specimens degraded due to the precipitation of detrimental secondary phases and the most significant reduction of CPT and impact energy emerged at 650 °C concurrently. The CPT of LDSS 2002 specimen aged at 650 °C decreased by 28 °C, and the impact energy dropped from 69 to 29 J/cm~2 compared with the solution-annealed sample. Transmission electron microscopy characterization showed that the main precipitates in LDSS 2002 were Cr_2N and M_(23)C_6 along the ferrite–austenite grain boundaries.     

INTRODUCTION TO PATENTS

The invention provides a method of making a mold which can reduce SOx generation rate while preventing decrease in hardening rate in the case of using sulfuric acid for a hardener composition. The method has a mixture step in which fire-resistant particles, a hardener composition and a binder composition are mixed to obtain a composition for a mold. The hardener composition contains sulfuric acid. In the mixture step, sodium carbonate is added. A molar ratio of the sulfuric acid to the sodium carbonate is 0.5 or more and 4.0 or less.     

China Foundry Week 2014

China Foundry Week, hosted by the Foundry Institution of Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society （FICMES） each year, is a large academic event in China. It is one of the ten high-impact activities sponsored by the Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society.     

17th Conference of Hydrodynamic and Electromechanical Control Engineering Call for papers

正1.Contents In order to promote the academic exchanges and technical communication of the research in the field of fluid power transmission and control,fluid control engineering specialized committee of the Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics will hold the 17th Conference of Hydrodynamic and Electromechanical Control Engineering on July 27-29,2014 in Tibet,Lhasa city.     

Information for Contributors

正The Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,founded in 1991 and sponsored by The Nonferrous Metals Society of China,is published monthly now and mainly contains reports of original research which reflect the new progresses in the field of nonferrous metals science and technology,including mineral processing,extraction metallurgy,metallic materials and heat treatments,metal working,physical metallurgy,powder metallurgy,with the emphasis     

Preface

<正>We are pleased to present this Special Issue of Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China containing selected papers from the First Asian Conference on Aluminum Alloys(ACAA-2013),held in Beijing,China,13–17 October 2013.This conference has been initiated,with approval of     

Information for Contributors

The Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, founded in 1991 and sponsored by The Nonferrous Metals Society of China, is published monthly now and mainly contains reports of original research which reflect the new progresses in the field of nonferrous metals science and technology, including mineral processing, extraction metallurgy, metallic materials and heat treatments, metal working, physical metallurgy, powder metallurgy, with the emphasis on fundamental science. It is the unique preeminent publication in English for scientists, engineers, under/post-graduates on the field of nonferrous metals industry. This journal is covered by many famous abstract/index systems and databases such as SCI Expanded, Ei Compendex Plus, 1NSPEC, CA, METADEX, AJ and JICST.     

Formulas of Tension of Continuous Rolling Process

The development of computer controlled continuous rolling process calls for a mathematical expression that can express the inequality condition of "constant flow". Tension is the link of the continuous rolling process. From the condition of dynamic equilibrium, a differential equation of tension is given out. On the basis of the physical rules established from the industrial practice and experimental studies, the law of volume constancy, the linear relation of forward slip and tension, the state equation of continuous rolling, the formula of dynamic tension, and the formula of static tension have been obtained. These formulae reflect the functional relations between tensions, thickness, roll velocity, and time in the continuous rolling process. It is implied that the continuous rolling process is a gradually steady, controllable, and measurable dynamic system. An assumption of predicting the thickness of a steel plate using these tension formulae is also put forward.