抛丸预处理对45钢气体渗碳效率及渗层特性的影响

采用光学显微镜、显微硬度计等方法研究了抛丸预处理对45钢气体渗碳效率及渗层特性的影响。结果表明,在相同气体渗碳工艺情况下,抛丸预处理对45钢气体渗碳有明显促进作用,抛丸预处理渗碳试样有效硬化层由0.994 mm增加到1.486 mm,渗碳效率提升39%以上,表面硬度提高10%以上。相较于未抛丸渗碳试样,抛丸预处理使渗碳试样截面梯度硬度升高且由表及里下降更为平缓,降低渗碳层脆性。     

35Cr3SiMnMoV钢超饱和渗碳研究

对自行研发的35Cr3SiMnMoV渗碳钢进行超饱和渗碳,并对渗层的组织、硬度及耐磨性能进行了研究。结果表明:试验钢经超饱和渗碳、淬火加低温回火后,超饱和渗碳层由回火马氏体、残留奥氏体和大量弥散分布的碳化物构成,硬度可达1025HV0.1,其耐磨性比20CrMnMo、20Cr2Ni4钢常规渗碳层提高了约60%。     

大型轴承滚柱的等离子渗碳工艺研究

介绍了等离子渗碳的工艺与设备、渗碳机制、原理与特点,并与其它渗碳方法进行了比较.采用等离子渗碳工艺对20Cr2Ni4A钢的大型轴承的滚柱进行试验和渗碳后的性能分析研究,表明等离子渗碳的速度和效率都比普通气体渗碳有明显提高,而且表面硬度为HRC61～63,渗层深度为4.2mm,金相组织为马氏体及残余奥氏体1～2级,心部组织为铁素体1～2级.     

BH催渗工艺对12CrNi3渗碳钢组织和性能的影响

针对12CrNi3钢薄壁齿轮气体渗碳工艺存在温度高、周期长、畸变大的弊端,导致薄壁重载齿轮组织状态不佳,畸变不受控等问题,在原超级渗碳工艺的基础上添加BH-5催渗剂,开展BH催渗试验。结果表明,当渗碳层深为(1.5±0.1) mm时,BH渗碳可提升效率20%以上;使用BH催渗使12CrNi3钢渗碳后晶粒度达到7级,渗层硬度梯度下降更平缓,摩擦性能提高,畸变减小。     

LTC—9560多功能流态床炉工艺试验

本文介绍了常用钢使用LTC-9560型流态炉进行氮碳共渗、气体渗碳、高温气体渗碳等工艺试验的结果,并提供了有关工艺参数、渗层检测数据、渗层金相组织以及本流态炉的特点。     

金相法测定钢渗碳层的有效硬化层深度

通过对渗碳钢20CrMnMo试样渗碳后,用金相法检测退火状态的渗碳层与根据国家新标准用显微硬度计测定渗碳有效硬化层深度进行对比.根据测定的结果,用金相法以退火后的平衡组织,在显微镜下测定共析以上的渗层深与用显微硬度计测定的淬火状态的渗碳有效硬化层深基本上是一致的,从而推断可用金相法以退火状态的平衡组织在显微镜下测定共析以上的组织深度等效为渗碳后淬火状态的有效硬化层深度,从而以利用炉前现有设备金相显微镜来进行渗碳有效硬化层的测定.     

气体渗碳CAD软件的试验验证

用20CrMnTi和20CrMo钢制的试样,根据渗碳层深度分别为1．2mm和1．4mm的齿轮的技术要求,在装备有气体渗碳动态碳势控制CAD软件的渗碳炉上分别进行了试验,对模拟结果进行了验证,证实了该软件功能强劲、控制准确。其表面碳浓度（质量分数）偏差＜0．05％;渗层内的碳浓度梯度曲线平滑,呈“S”平台分布;渗层深度为1．2mm和1．4mm时,渗层深度的偏差＜0．05mm。用该软件设计的渗碳工艺与实际检测结果能很好地吻合。     

20Cr钢超饱和渗碳工艺及其渗层组织与耐磨性能

采用循环渗碳工艺对20Cr钢进行超饱和渗碳,并对渗碳层的组织及硬度与耐磨性能进行了研究.结果表明,该工艺可在20Cr钢渗层中形成大量弥散分布的细小颗粒状碳化物,比常规渗碳具有高的表面硬度及耐磨性.     

不同材质的重载齿轮热处理后的疲劳性能研究

齿轮是一种普遍使用的传动件,其疲劳性能对机械装备的使用寿命具有极其重要的影响。为了弄清齿轮的材料和热处理工艺对齿轮疲劳性能的影响,分别采用42CrMo、22CrNi2MoNb、20CrMnMo和20CrMnTi钢等4种材料制作了一种推土机用重载齿轮,并进行了不同工艺的热处理:42CrMo钢齿轮离子渗氮,渗层深度0.4 mm;22CrNi2MoNb、20CrMnMo和20CrMnTi钢齿轮渗碳和淬火,渗层深度1.8～2.4 mm。随后检测了齿轮的显微组织和硬度,进行了断口分析,并在120 kN的载荷下进行了疲劳试验。结果表明:经离子渗氮的42CrMo钢齿轮由于渗层较浅,其疲劳性能比渗碳淬火的其余三种钢齿轮差;而三种经渗碳和淬火处理的齿轮中,22CrNi2MoNb钢齿轮由于含碳量稍高,晶粒较细小及强韧性较好,疲劳性能最佳。     

真空渗碳均匀性测试

测定了30CrMnTi钢试样在卧式双室真空渗碳炉渗碳并炉冷或淬火后的渗碳层深度、有效硬化层深度和表面硬度的均匀性。结果表明,按目标渗层深度1.0 mm真空渗碳和炉冷的试样,用金相法测定的渗层深度偏差≤0.10 mm。按目标渗层深度1～2 mm真空渗碳和淬火的试样的有效硬化层深度偏差≤0.10 mm。同炉次渗碳、淬火试样的表面硬度偏差≤1.5 HRC,不同炉次渗碳、淬火试样的表面硬度偏差≤2.5 HRC。     

Prospects of the Use of Synergetic Approach to Solution of Problems of the Science of Nanomaterials

A synergetic approach to solution of problems of self-controlled synthesis of nanostructures and creation of self-organizing nanotechnologies is considered in connection with the superproblem of creation of materials with functional properties resembling those of biosystems. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 55 – 61, July, 2005.     

Kinetics of the oxidation of metals — Influence of self-diffusion of metal

The importance of the self-diffusion of a metal during its oxidation by a gas is treated for the cases of nonstoichiometric oxides having either interstitial cation or cation vacancies. We have established a general relationship for the reaction rate when a mixed diffusion process occurs. From this relationship, we have shown that the pressure dependence can be different, according to whether the rate-determining process is the self-diffusion through the metal or through the product.     

胫骨生物陶瓷复合材料的微结构增韧机理

扫描电镜观察显示胫骨是一种由羟基磷灰石和胶原蛋白组成的自然生物陶瓷复合材料.羟基磷灰石具有层状的微结构并且平行于骨的表面排列.观察也显示这些羟基磷灰石层又是由许多羟基磷灰石片所组成,这些羟基磷灰石片具有长而薄的形状,也以平行的方式整齐排列.基于在胫骨中观察到的羟基磷灰石片的微结构特征,通过微结构模型分析及实验,研究了羟基磷灰石片平行排列微结构的最大拔出能.结果表明,羟基磷灰石片长而薄的形状以及平行排列方式增加了其最大拔出能,进而提高了骨的断裂韧性.     

Mechanism of Nucleation of Precipitates of Carbides of Refractory Metals Under Hot Rolling of Automotive Sheet Steel

Metal Science and Heat Treatment - The problem of formation of properties in microalloyed sheet steels is considered. The cause and the possible mechanism of precipitation of carbides of refractory...     

燃煤机组锅炉烟气脱硝灰中氨含量测定

NOx是大气环境的主要污染物之一,其主要来源为火力发电机组。依靠低氮燃烧技术,远达不到排放要求。选择性催化还原脱硝(简称SCR)技术是目前效率最高、最成熟、应用最广泛的电厂烟气脱硝技术。目前,在线氨逃逸监测技术存在诸多问题,影响了氨逃逸监测数据的准确度和稳定性。在燃料种类、炉膛结构、受热面布置、过量空气量、炉膛气流分布以及脱硝催化剂类型等条件确定的情况下,控制好氨加入量及其逃逸量是保证NOx脱除率的关键所在。燃煤锅炉除尘飞灰氨含量可侧面反映脱硝氨逃逸率的状况。根据国外的文献报道,正常情况下,电除尘灰中氨含量一般在50mg/kg-100mg/kg范围内。由于国内尚无灰中氨含量的测定方法,亦无脱硝运行对飞灰含氨量影响的数据积累。本文通过大量试验,确定了灰中氨溶解条件(如溶解时间、搅拌状态、灰水比、灰样量及其稳定性等),制定了灰中氨含量测定方法。     

Features of formation of the structure in production of blanks of disks of heat-resistant nickel alloys

Conclusions To provide a high level of mechanical properties in wrought blanks of cast ÉP741NP and ÉP962 alloys it is necessary to form controlled structures. A necklace-type structure formed in homogenizing isostatic treatment, subsequent thermomechanical working including alternation of the operations of deformation in the (+)-area and recrystallization anneals, and final heat treatment is preferable. The temperature conditions of all stages of thermomechanical working are strictly controlled, especially the final operation of deformation and heating for hardening. To eliminate hardening cracks and distortions it is necessary to use molten salts at t=600°C as quenchants. The use of multiple production operations makes it possible to significantly reduce the structural inhomogeneity related to inhertance of the original dendritic structure. However, the structure of the final semifinished product is nevertheless characterized by a difference in occurrence of the processes of polygonization and recrystallization between the former dendritic cells and the interdendritic spaces in deformation and heat treatment.To obtain structurally homogeneous blanks for gas turbine engine parts it is necessary to use basically new methods of remelting such as vacuum double electrode remelting and electron beam remelting with an intermediate vessel.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 25–29, December, 1991.     

Ab-initio calculation of enthalpies of formation of intermetallic compounds and enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions

A large number of ab-initio calculations of energies of formation of intermetallic compounds have been performed in the last 15 years. The currently used methods are listed. The paper presents a review of the aluminium based compounds which have been studied. Comparisons of calculated and experimental enthalpies of formation are provided for aluminim-3d and-4d transition metal alloys at equiatomic composition. The modelling of the enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions based on a given lattice is described.