WC/钢复合材料渗硼中WC颗粒对硼化物生长的影响

采用粉末渗硼法,对三种WC含量不同的WC/钢复合材料进行渗硼处理.利用SEM、XRD及自制的黑白图片伪彩色处理仪等方法对渗硼层的组织结构、硬度分布、渗硼层厚度及渗硼层内裂纹萌生进行研究,重点分析了WC含量及分布状况对硼化物生长的影响.结果表明：进行渗硼后,材料表面可获得高硬度FeB＋Fe2B的渗硼层,且随WC含量的增加,Fe2B含量相对增加.在渗硼过程中,WC颗粒对硼化物的生长起阻碍作用,而且含量愈多,阻碍作用愈大,渗硼层愈浅.当WC颗粒的分布方向与渗硼方向平行时,对硼化物生长的阻碍作用最小,渗硼层厚且致密,且在冷却时不易产生裂纹;当WC颗粒的分布方向与渗硼方向垂直时,对硼化物的生长阻碍作用最大,获得的渗硼层较浅,并且在渗层中出现明显的疏松区;当WC粒子呈无序分布,对硼化物的生长阻碍作用介于上面两者之间.硼化物生长时,遇到大颗粒WC其尖端变钝并停止生长;遇到小颗粒WC可以＂吞食＂.     

电冶钢结硬质合金的渗硼研究

采用粉末渗硼法对两种WC含量的电渣熔铸钢结硬质合金进行渗硼处理，并和粉冶钢结硬质合金渗硼进行了比较。利用光学显微镜对渗硼层的组织结构进行观察，用显微硬度计对渗硼层硬度分布及渗硼层厚度进行了测量。结果表明，电冶钢结硬质合金具有良好的渗硼性能，渗硼后，合金表面可获得高硬度的含有FeB＋Fe2B的渗硼层。渗硼过程中，材料中的硬质相WC的含量和分布状况对硼化物的生长影响显著。WC颗粒对硼化物的生长起阻碍作用，并且含量愈多，阻碍作用愈明显，所获得的渗硼层愈浅、愈疏松。     

20钢渗硼过程中硼化物形核和生长的TEM观察及室温形变的影响SCIEI

本文采用单向减薄制样法在透射电镜下直接观察了20钢渗硼初期硼化物的形核和生长特性及室温形变的影响。X射线及电子探针分析结果表明:渗硼初期试样表层仅有Fe_2B形成;表层硼原子浓度与形变量之间具有单调增长的关系;偏聚于位错胞壁之中的硼原子阻碍了形变组织的恢复和再结晶,加速了硼化物的形核和长大。     

Thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of CrB2 and VB2 formation in molten Al–Cr–V–B alloy

Transition metal impurities such as chromium (Cr) and vanadium (V) in solution deteriorate electrical conductivity of smelter grade aluminium (Al). These impurities can be removed from solution via boron treatment in which borides form upon their in-situ reaction with boron (B)-bearing substances. However, Cr removal from smelter grade Al solution is not well understood. A disagreement related to chromium boride (CrB₂) formation in molten Al in the presence of other transition metals (V, Ti, Zr, Fe) by adding Al–B master alloy has been reported in literatures. This study presents an effort to understand the mechanism of Cr removal from Al–0.50%Cr–0.50%V (mass fraction) alloy by adding Al–B (AlB₁₂) master alloy at 1023 K in the Al alloy solution. Results indicate that Cr removal from molten Al–0.50%Cr–0.50%V alloy by forming stable borides cannot be achieved at 1023 K; whereas excess of B in the solution preferentially forms aluminium boride (AlB₂) over CrB₂ during boron treatment of molten Al. The underlying kinetics of V removal from molten Al–0.50%Cr–0.50%V alloy revealed that early reaction stage is controlled by [B]/[V] mass transfer through liquid phase and mass transfer coefficient (k_m) was measured to be 9.6×10⁻⁴ m/s. The later reaction stage was controlled by [B]/[V] diffusion through boride (VB₂) ring. This study, therefore, advocates to investigate alternative ways to remove Cr from molten Al.     

Ti＋48Al＋B合金中硼化物的生长机理

研究了Ti-48Al (0.2～0.8)at%B合金中硼化物的生长机理。结果显示：合金中的硼化物均为C32结构的TiB2相;在加入0.2at%和0.5at%B的合金中只存在带状TiB2相;而加入0.8at%B的合金中除带状TiB2相外,还出现了少量六方形貌的块状TiB2相,块状硼化物是从液相中自由生长的初生TiB2相,其惯习面为（0001）基面和｛10∧-10｝柱面;而带状硼化物则是次生TiB2相,是通过L→β TiB2和L β→α TiB2反应与基体耦合生长的非规则共晶反应产物。两种形貌的TiB2颗粒均以台阶方式生长。     

MECHANISM OF Re-B-V CO-PERMEATION

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Investigation on the microstructure and cracking susceptibility of laser-clad V2O5 /NiCrBSiC alloy coatings

The effect of V₂O₅ on the refinement of microstructures and the reduction of cracking susceptibility of laser-clad NiCrBSiC hardfacing coatings are investigated. It is shown that high volume fraction and inhomogeneous distribution of the coarse brittle phases of chromium borides and carbides in NiCrBSiC layer are the dominating origins for hot cracks. The addition of V₂O₅ has an apparent effect on enhancing the toughness, refining the microstructure and reducing the cracking sensitivity of the coating. This is attributed to the generation of vanadium borides and carbides. The vanadium borides generate prior to and consequently inhibit the formation of chromium borides during rapid solidification because of lower standard free energy of formation of the former. They also restrain the growth of chromium carbides and make them distribute homogeneously. The reasons for crack initiation and distribution are discussed based on the microstructures of the cladding layers. It is demonstrated that the generation of cracks is determined by the microstructure of the cladding layers and the occurrence of cracking is governed by heat stress.     

Reaction of boron to transition metal impurities and its effect on conductivity of aluminum

The effects of boron on electrical conductivity of aluminum and the action mechanism have been investigated.The results indicate that,by combining with the trace amounts of transition elements Ti,V and Zr to form two kinds of insoluble borides,boron can significantly improve the electrical conductivity of commercial aluminum.One of the borides contains 54.42% B,13.70% Al and 23.39%(mole fraction) transition elements (including Ti,V,Zr and Fe)and is in the form of fine particles,The other one,in hexagonal shape,contains 78.59% B,14.97%Al and 2.56% (mole fraction)transition elements (including Ti,V and Fe),Neither Cr nor Mn is found in these borides,The conversion of some transition metal impurities from solid solution state to the boride precipitates form leads to a decrease in electrical resistivity,and this decrease constitutes 86.2% of that can be achieved by complete removal of transition element impurities from aluminum melts.     

Plasma-powder surfacing of cutting tools

The results of investigations of the mechanical properties and thermal stability of Fe–Ni–Mo–Cr–B–Si–Ti–Al maraging tool steel, containing boron compounds and produced by surfacing, are presented. The effect of borides on the nature of hardening of the composite material is described. The role of borides in the increase in the thermal stability of the steel designed for deposition of metal cutting tools is analysed.     

添加微量B元素对Al19Co20Fe20Ni41共晶高熵合金显微组织及性能的影响

同时强化合金的力学性能和磁性能是软磁材料的理想化制备策略。通过制备非等原子比的Al19Co20Fe20Ni41共晶高熵合金,研究硼元素合金化对显微组织演变、相形成、力学性能和软磁性能的影响。随着B含量的增加,(Al19Co20Fe20Ni41)100-xBx合金的显微组织从最初的层片状共晶组织(x=0)转变为离异共晶组织(x>0.6)。细小的硼化物从晶间相中析出(x≥0.6)。合金的硬度从HV 328.66增加到HV 436.34。压缩力学性能测试结果显示合金发生从塑性材料向脆性材料的转变。Al19Co20Fe20Ni41合金具有良好的软磁性能,微量的B添加对其软磁性能的影响很微弱。当用作软磁性材料时,合金电阻率的增加可以有效地减少涡流损耗。     

原位合成多元硼化物对Al0.5CoCrCuFeNiBx高熵合金硬度与耐磨性能的影响

本文研究了Al0.5CoCrCuFeNiBx (x=0-1)的组织、相组成、硬度及耐磨性能。并预测了Al0.5CoCrCuFeNiBx (x=0-1)中简单固溶体形成规律。未添加硼元素的合金具有简单FCC固溶体结构。添加硼元素后,合金由简单FCC固溶体及多元硼化物组成。硼以硼化物形式析出,没有固溶到FCC固溶体中,因而添加硼对FCC固溶体的晶格常数无影响。硼化物的析出使合金的硬度提高,并且硬度随着硼含量的增加而呈线性增加。当硼含量x?0.4时,合多的磨耗阻变化不明显,但当硼含量x?0.6时,合金的磨耗阻抗随着硼含量增加而呈线性增加。 随着硼含量的增加,合金的磨损机制由粘着磨损转变为氧化磨损。合金硬度与耐磨性能的提高是高硬度的粗大硼化物与韧性的FCC固溶体基体共同作用的结果。     

The structure of ribbon borides in a Ti-44Al-4Nb-4Zr-1B alloy

The structure of ribbon borides in an as-cast Ti–44Al–4Nb–4Zr–1B (at.%) alloy has been studied using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The ribbon borides have a laminar structure comprised of thin faceted flakes of borides interspersed with layers of ordered B2 matrix. The dominant phase in the boride flakes is TiB with the B_f structure, containing a high density of planar faults on (010). Lattice images from these faults reveal that they correspond to nanoscale intergrowths with the C32 and D7_b structures. The B_f flakes also contain thin embedded layers with the B27 structure lying on {110}B_f. The orientation relationships between each of these phases have been identified. It is shown that these observations are consistent with the ribbon borides having formed as a sequence of eutectic phase mixtures in the liquid between primary β dendrites.     

硼对等离子熔覆高硼铁基合金组织和性能的影响

采用等离子弧熔覆技术在20g钢表面堆焊Fe-Cr-B-C系的铁基复合材料,利用X射线衍射（XRD）,光学显微镜（OM）,扫描电镜（SEM）,洛氏硬度计及湿砂磨损试验机等试验设备进行检测、试验,研究不同硼加入量对熔覆层显微组织与性能的影响规律.结果表明,熔覆层显微组织由过饱和α-Fe枝晶固溶体、枝晶间硼化物共晶组织以及碳化物等组成;熔覆层中硬质相主要有Cr2B,CrB2,Fe2B,Cr7C3,B4C等;随着硼含量的增加,硼化物明显增多,当硼添加量为5%时熔覆层的硬度及耐磨性达到最佳,其硬度值为66.1 HRC,磨损量仅为0.383 g;继续增加硼的添加量,熔覆层的耐磨性能降低.     

焊后热处理对钛/铝FSB接头组织及性能的影响

研究了6082铝合金和TC4钛合金分别添加钎料锌和镍下的搅拌摩擦钎焊(FSB)搭接接头微观组织及焊后热处理后接头界面金属间化合物(IMC)的生成种类和先后顺序以及生长动力学模型。研究表明:添加钎料锌时,界面金属间化合物主要由AlZn、TiAl、TiAl2、TiAl3组成,先后顺序为TiAl2→TiAl3→TiAl→AlZn,并获得了界面IMC层的生长动力学模型为;添加钎料镍时,界面金属间化合物层主要由TiNi、Al3Ni2、Ti3Al和TiAl组成,先后顺序为776 K以下,Ti-Ni-Al焊接界面金属间化合物形成的顺序是Al3Ni2→TiNi→TiAl→Ti3Al,776 K以上时生成顺序为Al3Ni2→TiNi→Ti3Al→TiAl,并获得了界面IMC层的生长动力学模型。界面IMC层的厚度均随着温度的提高或保温时间的延长而增加。添加锌的接头的剪切强度由未热处理时的154 MPa提高到194 MPa,而添加钎料镍的接头由142 MPa提高至166 MPa。     

Microstructural evolution mechanism during brazing of Hastelloy X superalloy using Ni–Si–B filler metal

The paper aims at understanding solidification phenomena and solid state precipitations during diffusion brazing of Hastelloy X nickel base superalloy using a ternary Ni–4.5Si–3.2 B (in wt-%) filler metal. The joint is featured by the formation of Ni-rich solid solution in an isothermal solidification zone, borides/silicide formation during eutectic-type solidification in an athermal solidification zone, on-cooling precipitation of fine nickel silicides in the joint centerline, in situ precipitation of Mo–Cr-rich borides in the diffusion affected zone and grain growth in the heat affected zone. The implication of the phase transformations on the joint properties is discussed. It is shown that Hastelloy X exhibited very fast isothermal solidification which can be attributed to its high Mo and Cr content that promotes in situ boride precipitation during brazing.     

Investigation of Boronizing Kinetics of AISI 51100 Steel

In this study, some mechanical properties of borided AISI 51100 steel with high C concentration were investigated. Boronizing heat treatment was carried out in solid medium consisting of Ekabor-II at 850, 900, and 950 °C for 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. Morphology and mechanical properties of boride layer, and the effect of chemical composition on properties and kinetics of borides were investigated. The results of this study indicated that the morphology of the boride layer has a saw-tooth nature, and its hardness is over 1500 HV. Depending on process time and temperature, the depth of boride layer ranged from 30 to 106 μm. Optical and SEM studies and XRD analysis revealed that borides formed on the surface of steel substrates have dominantly single Fe₂B boride phase in addition to small amount of Cr₂B.     

Al2O3/Au/Al2O3层状阻氚薄膜

采用磁控溅射法在316L不锈钢基体上分别沉积单层Al2O3膜、单层Au膜以及Al2O3/Au/Al2O3层状薄膜。采用气相渗透法在500℃,氘分压为0.06 MPa条件下测试了薄膜的阻氘性能。结果表明,3种薄膜氘渗透后,薄膜的形貌良好,无开裂、无剥落的现象,氘渗透率减低因子均比316L不锈钢基材增大一个数量级以上,阻氘效能按单层Al2O3膜、单层Au膜以及Al2O3/Au/Al2O3层状薄膜依次递升。Al2O3/Au/Al2O3层状薄膜的优异阻氘效能可归因于,延性的Au夹层使层状薄膜的力学性能得到显著提高;Al2O3层能阻止Au与基体间互扩散,使Au能充分发挥阻氘效能。本研究表明,由贵金属与陶瓷阻氚材料构成的层状薄膜是发展阻氚涂层的新途径。     

多元陶瓷复合相显微组织对耐磨性能的影响

采用等离子熔覆技术制备了四种不同铬含量的Fe-Cr-B-C堆焊合金.借助OM,SEM和XRD等分析手段对合金组织和陶瓷相形貌进行分析.结果表明,熔覆层的微观组织由初生奥氏体＋共晶组织组成,合金陶瓷相由BC4＋Cr2B＋M7C3＋M23C6＋M23（C,B）6组成,硼化物呈层片状、菊花状等形态分布,陶瓷相数量随Cr元素含量的增大而增多.研究了Cr元素含量对熔覆层耐磨粒磨损性能的影响规律,熔覆层的耐磨性随着Cr元素含量的增加而提高,当Cr元素含量达到15.9%时,大量硼化物等陶瓷相弥散分布在基体中,构成良好的耐磨骨架;初生奥氏体组织均匀分布提高硬质相与基体界面的结合强度,因此其熔覆层具有最佳的耐磨性.     

Characterization of borided pure molybdenum under controlled atmosphere

In this study, the structural characterization and boriding kinetics of the molybdenum borides formed on the surface of borided pure molybdenum (Mo) have been investigated. Boronizing was carried out in solid medium with boron component forming Ekabor ® 2 (90% SiC, 5% KBF₄, 5%B₄C) powders at 1273 K, 1373 K for 2, 4, 6, 8 hours under a controlled atmosphere containing argon gas flow. The boride layer was characterized by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Vickers microhardness tester. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the boride layers on molybdenum consisted of MoB and Mo₂B phases. However, the MoB phase was observed at certain boriding temperature and boriding times. The thickness of boronized layers almost ranged from 12 to 42.5 μm with boriding time. A parabolic relationship was observed between boride layer thickness and boriding time. The growth rate constant and activation energy for the boride layer were calculated. The hardness of borides compounds formed on the surface of molybdenum ranged from 925 to 1150 HV_0.05, whereas the hardness of the untreated molybdenum sample was 258 HV_0.05.     

Reaction behaviors occurring in Ti/Al foil metallurgy

Reaction behaviors occurring in Ti/Al foil metallurgy were systematically investigated.Particular emphasis was focused on the reaction between solid Al and Ti as well as subsequent reaction between TiAl_3 and Ti layer.In the solid reaction between Al and Ti,the presence of residual Al is mainly caused by inhomogeneous growth of TiAl_3 layer and micro-voids existing at the interface.However,through reaction between molten Al and Ti,TiAl_3/Ti multilayer can be achieved with complete consumption of Al.During subsequent high-temperature heat treatment,TiAl_3/Ti multilayer will eventually turn into Ti_3Al/TiAl multilayer accompanying with simultaneous formation and successive disappearance of intermediate phases,such as TiAl_2 and Ti_2Al_5.Moreover,it is found that the growth direction of TiAl layer changes as a function of annealing time between different couples in multi-intermetallics system.