2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物的精制

研究了2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)经酰化、重结晶和还原的新精制工艺,考察了精制工艺条件对ANPyO纯度、粒径分布、机械感度、摩擦感度和微观结构的影响。对比了新精制工艺样品和三氟乙酸精制样品的酸度、熔点、热安定性和撞击感度。结果表明,精制中间体2,6-二乙酰氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物采用DMF作溶剂重结晶,氨气作胺化剂,50 ℃条件下所得ANPyO产物总收率为90.5%,纯度为99.5%,样品的粒度、微观结构和安全性能较理想。新精制工艺所得产物pH为6.3,熔点355 ℃,真空安定性0.01 mL·g-1,撞击感度257 cm,摩擦感度2%,性能显著优于三氟乙酸精制所得ANPyO产物。     

包覆对新型炸药2，6-二氨基-3，5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物某些性能的影响

采用溶液-水悬浮-蒸馏法,以氟橡胶F2311和丁腈橡胶(NBR)包覆2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO),利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、热重分析法(TG)和感度试验表征包覆前后ANPyO的结构和性能.试验结果表明,用F2311和NBR包覆后的ANPyO热分解峰值温度分别下降了8.3℃和7.8℃,分解热分别提高了282.4 J·g-1和41.5 J·g-1.包覆后颗粒变大.红外光谱中N-H特征峰分别红移了2 cm-1和3.9 cm-1至3280.6 cm-1和3367.4 cm-1,氮杂原子的特征峰红移了5.8 cm-1至1232.4 cm-1.撞击感度由16%分别下降为14%和10%,摩擦感度由30%分别下降为26%和28%.通过对F2311和NBR包覆后ANPyO结构和性质的分析,包覆对ANPyO有一定的降感作用.     

2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物的合成与性能

以2,6-二氨基吡啶为起始原料,经硝化、氮氧化两步反应得到2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)。硝化反应和氮氧化反应收率分别为90%、84%,ANPyO总收率为75%,高于Ritter-Licht公开的方法(45%)。测试了ANPyO的爆速(7000m.s-1,1.50g.cm-3)、DSC放热峰(365℃),以及5s延滞期爆发点(400℃)、摩擦感度(360N)和落锤感度(250cm)。结果表明:ANPyO爆轰性能和安全性能与1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6-三硝基苯(TATB)接近,是一种在含能材料领域有应用前景的新型高能钝感炸药。     

2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物晶体形貌的MD模拟

为探讨溶剂对炸药晶体形貌的影响机制和溶剂的选择依据,采用附着能(AE)模型预测2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)在真空的晶体形貌,确定其主要生长晶面;并运用分子动力学(MD)模拟研究ANPyO晶面与溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的相互作用及其本质,进而通过修正的AE模型预测其在DMF中的晶体形貌。结果表明:ANPyO在真空中的晶体形状接近椭圆,主要生长晶面为(110)、(100)、(11-2)及(10-1)面。溶剂与晶面间存在较强相互作用,径向分布函数分析表明相互作用能主要包括范德华作用,库仑作用和氢键。在溶剂DMF中,晶面的修正附着能绝对值顺序为(110)(11-2)(10-1)(100),ANPyO晶体形貌接近片状,与已有实验结果一致。此外,DMF分子在ANPyO晶面的扩散系数研究结果表明,扩散系数与修正附着能绝对值成线性关系,晶体生长形貌亦受溶剂扩散能力的影响。     

加速量热仪研究2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物的绝热分解

为考察2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)的热稳定性,用绝热加速量热仪测定了ANPyO的绝热分解过程,获得了分解的温度、压力、升温速率等随时间的变化曲线以及温升速率、分解压力随温度的变化曲线。结果表明:绝热分解过程有两个放热反应阶段,其中第一阶段为主要的热分解阶段,温升速率有显著的变化。计算得表观活化能为293.61 kJ·mol-1、指前因子为1.515×1023min-1,反应热为940.92 J·g-1。ANPyO初始分解温度高达290.8℃,有良好的热稳定性。     

2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物为基的耐热混合炸药性能

分别制备了以2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)为基,加入氟橡胶F2311、氟橡胶F2603及其两种混合物黏结剂和增塑剂组成的三种耐热混合炸药,进行了耐热性、感度、成型性、爆炸能量和破甲威力性能测试。结果表明,三种以ANPyO为基耐热炸药有良好的耐热性能,可以在200～250℃温度条件下使用;成型性能良好;机械感度比较接近,均低于单质ANPyO,撞击和摩擦感度最小值分别为10%和24%;爆速和破甲性能均高于以PYX基的混合炸药,爆速提高约400m.s-1,破甲深度提高约30mm。     

新型炸药2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物的射流冲击感度实验研究

为分析新型高能钝感炸药2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)的射流冲击感度,在口径为56 mm的聚能装药和炸高为80 mm条件下,进行了45#钢隔板覆盖下无围压炸药冲击起爆感度实验。用"Langlie法"获得了ANPyO临界起爆隔板厚度,用AUTODYN计算了临界头部速度和射流直径,标定了ANPyO的临界起爆阈值,并与8701炸药的试验结果作了比较。结果表明:临界爆轰时,8701炸药覆盖的45#钢隔板临界厚度约160 mm,ANPyO炸药的临界隔板厚度约为68 mm,比8701降低了约57.5%。ANPyO炸药的临界速度为3.7 mm·μs-1,射流头部直径为4.8 mm,临界冲击起爆阈值约为32.3 mm3·μs-2,8701为7.16mm3·μs-2,ANPyO为8701炸药的4.5倍,可见ANPyO钝感于8701,是一种低射流起爆感度炸药。     

重结晶方法对2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物晶体特性及性能影响

2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)是性能优异的耐热炸药,其晶体形状对安全及加工性能有较大影响,重结晶溶剂和方法直接影响所得LLM-105的晶体特性。用二甲基亚砜和65%硝酸为溶剂,分别采用降温法、正相和反相溶剂/非溶剂法及超声波辅助结晶的方法,对LLM-105进行了重结晶研究。研究结果表明:无论用何种溶剂,直接降温法重结晶得到的LLM-105,晶体形状均不规则;用溶剂/非溶剂正相滴加法在超声作用下可以得到表面光滑、无孪晶的颗粒状晶体,纯度达98%以上;用溶剂/非溶剂反相滴加法也可以得到表面光滑、无孪晶的规则颗粒状晶体,纯度达98%以上;用65%浓度的HNO3水溶液反相滴加重结晶得到的LLM-105晶体平均粒径适中,粒度跨度小,撞击感度最低。获得了纯度和晶型好,感度大幅度降低LLM-105的制备方法:65%HNO3水溶液反相滴加法。     

2，6-二氨基-3，5-二硝基吡啶及其氮氧化物的氧化胺化反应

以氨水为胺化剂,KMnO4为氧化剂,在不同反应条件下实现2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶(ANPy)和2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO)4位的氧化胺化反应,目标化合物2,4,6-三氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶(TANPy)和2,4,6-三氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(TANPyO)的收率分别达到81.5%和85.4%.探讨了溶剂类型、氨水浓度等反应条件对目标化合物产率影响,并讨论了2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶(2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物)氧化胺化反应结果与3-硝基吡啶不同的原因.采用1H NMR, IR和MS对目标化合物的结构进行了表征.     

TMPSHSO4催化N2O5/有机溶剂硝化2,6-二乙酰氨基吡啶-1-氧化物

以2，6-二乙酰氨基吡啶-1-氧化物（DAPO）为原料，在Ⅳ，Ⅳ，Ⅳ-三甲基-N-丙磺酸基-硫酸氢铵（TMPSHSO4）催化条件下，采用N2O5／有机溶剂硝化2，6-二乙酰氨基毗啶制得2，6-二氨基-3，5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物（ANPyO）。考察了在TMPSHSO4催化条件下反应溶剂、温度和时间对ANPyO产率的影响，结果表明最佳反应条件为：反应溶剂为CH3NO2，反应温度为60℃，反应时间为5h，ANPyO产率为92．5％。用^1HNMR，IR和MS对ANPyO的结构进行了表征。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Design of Non-fragile Satisfactory Estimator for Linear Continuous Perturbed Stochastic Systems

The design problem of non-fragile estimator is addressed for a class of perturbed linear continuous systems. The perturbations occur on the plant and estimator parameters. The estimator designed should force the error system to achieve the desired decay rate and force the steady error variance less than the specified upper bound irrdevancy of the admissible plant perturbations and estimator perturbations. Consistency problem of the decay rate with the variance upper bound is first considered via linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach. The solution of the estimator parameter under specifications to be consistent is then discussed. The consistency condition of specifications and estimator parameter solution are transformed to feasible or minimum problems subject to a set of LMI respectively. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.     

An Improved Scene-based Nonuniformity Correction Algorithm for Infrared Focal Plane Arrays Using Neural Networks

The improved scene-based adaptive nonuniformity correction （NUC） algorithms using a neural network （NNT） approach for infrared image sequences are presented and analyzed. The retlna-like neural networks using steepest descent model was the first proposed infrared focal plane arrays （IRFPA） nonuniformity compensation method, which can perform parameter estimation of the sensors over time on a frame by frame basis. To increase the strength and the robustness of the NNT algorithm and to avoid the presence of ghosting artifacts, some optimization techniques, including momentum term, regularization factor and adaptive learning rate, were executed in the parameter learning process. In this paper, the local median filtering result of Xij （ n ） is proposed as an alternative value of desired network output of neuron Xij （ n ）, denoted as Tij （ n ）, which is the local spatial average of Xij （ n ） in traditional NNT methods. Noticeably, the NUC algorithm is inter-frame adaptive in nature and does not rely on any statistical assumptions on the scene data in the image sequence. Applications of this algorithm to the simulated video sequences and real infrared data taken with PV320 show that the correction results of image sequence are better than that of using original NNT approach, especially for the short-time image sequences （several hundred frames） subjected to the dense impulse noises with a number of dead or saturated pixels.     

Piecewise Filter of Infrared Image Based on Moment Theory

The disadvantages of IR images mostly include high noise, blurry edge and so on. The characteristics make the existent smoothing methods ineffective in preserving edge, To solve this problem, a piecewise moment filter （PMF） is put forward. By using moment and piecewise linear theory, the filter can preserve edge. Based on the statistical model of random noise, a related-coefficient method is presented to estimate the variance of noise. The edge region and model are then detected by the estimated variance. The expectation of first-order derivatives is used in getting the reliable offset of edge. At last, a fast moment filter of double-stair edge model is used to gain the piecewise smoothing results and reduce the calculation. The experimental result shows that the new method has a better capability than other methods in suppressing noise and preserving edge.     

Bistatic Sonar Localization Based on Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

A best linear unbiased estimation （BLUE） algorithm for bistatic sonar localization is proposed. The Cramer-Rao bound for bistatic Sonar and the geometrical dilution of precision （GDOP） in different conditions are given. The simulation results show that the location accuracy of BLUE algorithm is higher than the weighted least square method.     

Research on Gear-broken Fault Diagnosis in a Tank Gearbox

A fault diagnosis method of working position gear in a tank gearbox is put forward based on simulating the fault of working position gear in an actual tank, extracting the envelope of vibration signal by Hilbert transformation amplitude demodulation method, and zooming the low-frequency band to envelope signal.