NTO负一价离子的水合焓ΔhHθm(NTO-)

借助M(NTO)n·mH2O (M=La,Ce,Pr,Eu,Sm,Gd,n=3,m=7;M=Y,Yb,n=3,m=6;M=Dy,Tb,n=3,m=5;M=Nd,n=3,m=8)在水中的溶解焓ΔsolHθm、晶格焓ΔHθL、晶格能ΔUθL和标准生成焓ΔfHθm(M n ,aq,∞)、ΔfHθm(M n ,g)、ΔfHθm(H2O,g)、ΔfHθm(H2O,l)、ΔfHθm(NTO-,aq,∞)、ΔfHθm(NTO-,g)以及Mn 的水合焓ΔhHθm(M n )的文献数据,估算了NTO负一价离子的水合焓ΔhHθm(NTO-),结果显示,ΔhHθm(NTO-)=-(153.73±0.21) kJ·mol-1.     

1-氨基-3-甲基-1,2,3-三唑硝酸盐的合成与表征

以乙二醛和水合肼为起始原料,经加成-消除、环化甲基化、置换反应得到1-氨基-3-甲基-1,2,3-三唑硝酸盐(1-AMTN),总收率71.8%(以乙二醛计),采用核磁(NMR)、红外(IR)、质谱(MS)和元素分析对产物进行了表征。预测了1-AMTN的性能:密度为1.63 g.cm-3,生成焓84 kJ.mol-1,爆速8115 m.s-1。研究了溶剂、温度、物料比对产物得率的影响,确定了环化甲基化的最佳反应条件:溶剂为乙腈,反应温度20℃,乙二腙与碘甲烷的物料比1∶5,环化甲基化收率为86.7%。对活性二氧化锰进行了回收利用并对其机理进行了探讨。     

3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱合成及性能

以丙二腈为原料,经过重氮化、加成、环化及氧化反应合成了3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱,其中环化和氧化反应收率分别为55.1%和83.8%。利用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析对3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱进行了结构表征。通过对3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱和3-氰基-4-硝基呋咱~(13)CNMR谱归属研究,确定了氧化呋咱环外配位氧位置。采用量子化学方法优化了3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱分子构型,计算了键级,预估了理论密度(ρ)、标准生成焓(Δ_fH(s))、爆速(D)和爆压(p)。结果表明,3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱分子键级最小的键为N(1)—O(4)(0.84)和C(6)—N(9)(0.91),为分子中易分解点;3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱的ρ、Δ_fH(s)、D和p值分别为1.74 g·cm~(-3)、352.6 k J·mol~(-1)、8352 m·s~(-1)和30.9 GPa,是一种能量水平较高的含能化合物。     

新型含能内盐5,5′-双(3-重氮基-1,2,4-三唑)合成与表征（英）

以草酸与氨基胍碳酸氢盐为原料,经脱水环化、重氮化两步反应首次设计、合成了新型含能内盐5,5'-双(3-叠氮-1,2,4-三唑)(BDTZ),总收率为53.0％,并采用红外光谱、核磁共振及元素分析对结构进行了表征;基于B3 LYP/6-311 G+(d,p)水平,预估BDTZ的密度为1.73 g·cm-3,爆速为7780 m·s-1,爆压为26.72 GPa.BDTZ氮含量为74.47％,不含有毒重金属,表明BDTZ为一种爆轰性能良好的绿色起爆药.     

3-氨基-3′-硝胺基-5,5′-联-1H-1,2,4-三唑的合成与表征

以3-氨基-1H-1,2,4-三氮唑-5羧酸为原料首次合成不对称结构的联三唑类富氮含能化合物3-氨基-3′-硝胺基-5,5′-联-1H-1,2,4-三唑(3),并通过红外,核磁,质谱等表征产物结构。采用差示扫描量热─热重分析联用法研究了其热稳定性和分解历程。结果表明,化合物3的分解温度达到160℃;利用氧弹量热仪测得标准摩尔燃烧焓Δ_CH_m~θ为-1952.25 kJ·mol~(-1),根据Hess定律计算得标准摩尔生成焓Δ_fH_m~θ=-336.245 kJ·mol-1,采用粉末密度仪测得粉末密度为1.6137 g·cm~(-3),用EXPLO 5程序预测爆压为9.6 GPa,爆速为5745.5 m·s~(-1),撞击感度为80 J,摩擦感度为360 N,表明该物质是一种新型不敏感含能材料。     

6-偕二硝基乙烯基-4,5,8-三硝基-5,6,7,8-四氢化-4H-咪唑烷并[4,5-e]呋咱并[3,4-b]哌嗪的合成（英）

以FOX-7和乙二醛为原料,经过两步缩合环化反应和硝化反应,首次设计并合成出了一种新型的呋咱稠环硝胺化合物6-偕二硝基乙烯基-4,5,8-三硝基-5,6,7,8-四氢化-4H-咪唑烷并[4,5-e]呋咱并[3,4-b]哌嗪(PNEIFP)。采用Gaussian 09程序和VLW方程计算PNEIFP的密度、生成焓和爆速分别为2.02 g·cm-3、724.1 kJ·mol-1和9681.0 m·s-1。利用TLC跟踪实验的方法,确定PNEIFP室温下易分解。     

NTO负一价离子的水合焓ΔhHm^θ（NTO^-）

借助M(NTO)n.mH2O(M=La,Ce,Pr,Eu,Sm,Gd,n=3,m=7;M=Y,Yb,n=3,m=6;M=Dy,Tb,n=3,m=5;M=Nd,n=3,m=8)在水中的溶解焓ΔsolHmθ、晶格焓ΔHLθ、晶格能ΔULθ和标准生成焓ΔfHmθ(Mn ,aq,∞)、ΔfHmθ(Mn ,g)、ΔfHmθ(H2O,g)、ΔfHmθ(H2O,l)、ΔfHmθ(NTO-,aq,∞)、ΔfHmθ(NTO-,g)以及Mn 的水合焓ΔhHmθ(Mn )的文献数据,估算了NTO负一价离子的水合焓ΔhHmθ(NTO-),结果显示,ΔhHmθ(NTO-)=-(153.73±0.21)kJ.mol-1。     

3,3'-二硝胺基-4,4'-氧化偶氮呋咱基含能离子盐的合成及性能（英文）

以3,3'-二胺基-4,4'-氧化偶氮呋咱(AOF)为原料,经纯硝酸硝化得到3,3'-二硝胺基-4,4'-氧化偶氮呋咱(NOF)。通过复分解反应与多氮阳离子(碳酰肼(CBH)、氨基胍(AG))结合得到了两种新的含能离子盐—3,3'-二硝胺基-4,4'-氧化偶氮呋咱碳酰肼盐(NOF-CBH)和3,3'-二硝胺基-4,4'-氧化偶氮呋咱氨基胍盐(NOF-AG)。通过1H NMR、13C NMR、IR及元素分析表征了化合物的结构。用TG-DTG研究了化合物的热行为。采用量子化学方法对比研究了NOF及其阴离子NOF2-的几何构型。预估了化合物的爆轰性能。结果表明,NOF-CBH和NOF-AG的初始分解温度分别为144.9,151.6℃,高于NOF的90℃。NOF-CBH和NOF-AG的标准摩尔生成焓分别为515.86 kJ·mol-1和815.96 kJ·mol-1,密度分别为1.82 g·cm-3和1.75 g·cm-3,理论爆速均大于8500m·s-1。     

4-羟基-3,5-二硝基吡啶铅盐在固体推进剂燃烧中的催化作用

在298.15 K下用精密转动弹热量计测得4-羟基-3,5-二硝基吡啶铅盐(4HDNPPb)的燃烧能ΔcU为(-7385.82±3.14)J.g-1;据此计算的标准摩尔燃烧焓ΔcΗmθ为(-4499.63±1.92)kJ.mol-1,标准摩尔生成焓ΔfΗmθ为(-796.65±2.32)kJ.mol-1。研究了4HDNPPb和含能铜盐(或惰性铜盐)的混合物在RDX-CMDB推进剂燃烧中的催化作用,结果表明,复合催化剂体系:2.5%4-羟基-3,5-二硝基吡啶铅盐(4HDNPPb)与0.5%2-羟基-3,5-二硝基吡啶铜盐(2HDNPCu)的混合物,或2.5%4HDNPPb与0.5%邻苯二甲酸铜(-Cu)的混合物,使RDX-CMDB推进剂的燃烧在所测压力范围内(2~20 MPa)有较高的催化效率,压力指数小于0.3。     

2,4-二硝基咪唑有机胺盐合成与性能

以2,4-二硝基咪唑(2,4-DNI)为原料,合成了2,4-DNI的胍盐(GDNI)、三氨基胍盐(TAGDNI)、脒基脲盐(GUDNI)、肼盐(HDNI)等四种新化合物,收率分别为87.2%、67.5%、67.7%、96.6%,并用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析等方法鉴定了结构。测试了GDNI、TAGDNI、GUDNI、HDNI热安定性、密度与燃烧热,计算了生成焓、爆速、爆压参数。结果表明:TAGDNI具有较高的生成焓、爆速和爆压,分别为623.36 kJ.mol-1、8948.68 m.s-1和34.57 GPa,其特性落高为125 cm(2 kg落锤)。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Expert Systems Aimed at General Design of Projectiles

Expert systems aimed at the general design of projectiles can implement a series of intelligent designs, such as the design of HE shell, the scheme expounded and proved, the emulation analysis and calculation, etc. Aiming at the product design feature, the expert system adopts the object-oriented knowledge representation and all kinds of inference control engines to describe and reason the relevant knowledge regarding the product through the microcomputer. It embodies the foundation of emulation analysis and simulated manufacturing of the shell. It makes use of the method that knowledge expression is combined with condition of inference to carry out the overall design and emulation and reference.The paper gives the ways through which the functions can be achieved, gives the modularization of reference and the design methods of systematization, puts forward the method of knowledge expression and working interface, and supplies a platform for similar products of the shell category that can be quickly designed.     

Design of Non-fragile Satisfactory Estimator for Linear Continuous Perturbed Stochastic Systems

The design problem of non-fragile estimator is addressed for a class of perturbed linear continuous systems. The perturbations occur on the plant and estimator parameters. The estimator designed should force the error system to achieve the desired decay rate and force the steady error variance less than the specified upper bound irrdevancy of the admissible plant perturbations and estimator perturbations. Consistency problem of the decay rate with the variance upper bound is first considered via linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach. The solution of the estimator parameter under specifications to be consistent is then discussed. The consistency condition of specifications and estimator parameter solution are transformed to feasible or minimum problems subject to a set of LMI respectively. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.     

An Improved Scene-based Nonuniformity Correction Algorithm for Infrared Focal Plane Arrays Using Neural Networks

The improved scene-based adaptive nonuniformity correction （NUC） algorithms using a neural network （NNT） approach for infrared image sequences are presented and analyzed. The retlna-like neural networks using steepest descent model was the first proposed infrared focal plane arrays （IRFPA） nonuniformity compensation method, which can perform parameter estimation of the sensors over time on a frame by frame basis. To increase the strength and the robustness of the NNT algorithm and to avoid the presence of ghosting artifacts, some optimization techniques, including momentum term, regularization factor and adaptive learning rate, were executed in the parameter learning process. In this paper, the local median filtering result of Xij （ n ） is proposed as an alternative value of desired network output of neuron Xij （ n ）, denoted as Tij （ n ）, which is the local spatial average of Xij （ n ） in traditional NNT methods. Noticeably, the NUC algorithm is inter-frame adaptive in nature and does not rely on any statistical assumptions on the scene data in the image sequence. Applications of this algorithm to the simulated video sequences and real infrared data taken with PV320 show that the correction results of image sequence are better than that of using original NNT approach, especially for the short-time image sequences （several hundred frames） subjected to the dense impulse noises with a number of dead or saturated pixels.     

Piecewise Filter of Infrared Image Based on Moment Theory

The disadvantages of IR images mostly include high noise, blurry edge and so on. The characteristics make the existent smoothing methods ineffective in preserving edge, To solve this problem, a piecewise moment filter （PMF） is put forward. By using moment and piecewise linear theory, the filter can preserve edge. Based on the statistical model of random noise, a related-coefficient method is presented to estimate the variance of noise. The edge region and model are then detected by the estimated variance. The expectation of first-order derivatives is used in getting the reliable offset of edge. At last, a fast moment filter of double-stair edge model is used to gain the piecewise smoothing results and reduce the calculation. The experimental result shows that the new method has a better capability than other methods in suppressing noise and preserving edge.     

Bistatic Sonar Localization Based on Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

A best linear unbiased estimation （BLUE） algorithm for bistatic sonar localization is proposed. The Cramer-Rao bound for bistatic Sonar and the geometrical dilution of precision （GDOP） in different conditions are given. The simulation results show that the location accuracy of BLUE algorithm is higher than the weighted least square method.