3-硝氨基-4-偕二硝基甲基呋咱二肼盐:合成、结构及性能

以3-氨基-4-偕氯肟呋咱为原料,通过五步反应制备得到3-硝氨基-4-偕二硝基甲基呋咱二肼盐(化合物6)。采用核磁(氢谱、碳谱),红外,元素分析和X射线单晶衍射表征确定了其结构。结果表明,其晶体属于单斜晶系,P21/n空间群,晶胞参数为a=3.7236(4)?;b=14.3867(18)?;c=20.386(2)?;β=92.432(5)°;V=1091.1(2)?3;Z=4;Dc=1.815 g·cm~(-3)。晶体中,阳离子与阴离子之间存在的大量氢键作用,这有利于分子稳定性的提高。水合肼的加入导致了N,N'-亚甲基联3-硝氨基-4-偕二硝基甲基呋咱(化合物5)中C—N键的断裂和化合物6的生成。依据Gaussian 09计算得到化合物6的生成焓为291.7 kJ·mol~(-1),采用经验公式计算得其室温下(298 K)晶体密度为1.782 g·cm~(-3)。使用EXPLO 5计算得到化合物6的爆速(D)与爆压(p)分别为9032 m·s~(-1),35.9 GPa,优于黑索今(D=8848 m·s~(-1),p=34.8 GPa)。通过BAM标准方法测得化合物6的撞击感度为4 J,摩擦感度为76 N。     

N,N′-二(氟偕二硝基乙基)-3,4-二氨基呋咱(LLM-208)的晶体结构及热性质

以无水甲醇为溶剂,在10~15℃下采用溶剂挥发法培养并首次获得了LLM-208的单晶,运用Hirshfeld表面理论方法研究了晶体内分子间的相互作用,利用Kissinger法、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法和Starink法计算LLM-208的热分解动力学参数。结果表明:LLM-208在130 K的晶体密度为1.895 g·cm~(-3),298 K下其晶体密度为1.848 g·cm~(-3),属于单斜晶系,C2空间群,晶胞参数为a=19.225(5),b=5.5779(15),c=6.4176(17),β=108.551(5)°,V=909.4(6)~3,Z=2,μ=0.192 mm~(-1),F(000)=376。Hirshfeld表面分析LLM-208晶体内占主导的近相互作用分别为O…H、H…O作用(35.0%),O…O作用(22.3%),以及F…O、C…F、F…F作用(12.5%)。LLM-208在Kissinger法、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法和Starink法下的活化能分别为112.28,114.49,112.49 k J·mol~(-1),Kissinger法计算得指前因子为10~(21.30)s~(-1)。     

4,4′-二(氯偕二硝基甲基)-3,3′-偶氮呋咱的晶体结构和热稳定性

为了获得4,4'-二(氯偕二硝基甲基)-3,3'-偶氮呋咱(BCNAF)的晶体结构,以4,4'-二氰基-3,3'-偶氮呋咱为原料,经三步合成了BCNAF。以无水甲醇为溶剂,采用溶剂挥发法获得了目标化合物的黄色块状单晶。利用X-射线单晶衍射技术对单晶结构进行了表征。结果表明,该分子在293(2)K下晶体密度为1.869 g·cm~(-3),单晶结构为单斜晶系,空间群为P2_1/n,晶胞参数为a=7.5846(14),b=8.4227(15),c=12.324(2),β=90.880(4)°,V=787.2(2)~3,Z=2,μ=0.494 mm~(-1),F(000)=440。分子结构高度对称,分子间存在的π-π堆积作用以及卤键作用,可以提高BCNAF的稳定性。用差热扫描量热对晶体进行热分析,结果表明其分解温度为142℃。基于Guassian 09和等键反应计算得到其固相生成热为816.5 k J·mol~(-1),优于RDX。采用EXPLO5预测其理论爆速为8400 m·s~(-1),爆压为30.8 GPa,与RDX相当。     

1-氯-1,1-二硝基-2-(N-氯脒基)乙烷的合成、表征和晶体结构

采用高锰酸钾/盐酸体系氧化氨基的方法获得了1-氯-1,1-二硝基-2-(N-氯脒基)乙烷,收率为70%,用核磁、红外、质谱、元素分析等方法对该产物进行了结构表征.以二氯甲烷为溶剂制备出了其单晶,用X射线单晶衍射仪测定了晶体结构.结果表明,该化合物的分子式为C2H2Cl2N4O4,相对分子质量为216.98,该晶体为正交...     

N,N′-二(氟偕二硝基乙基)-3,4-二硝胺呋咱(LLM-209)的晶体结构及热分解性质

0℃下,用发烟硝酸(98%)/乙酸酐(体积比10∶8)体系对N,N′-二(氟偕二硝基乙基)-3,4-二氨基呋咱(LLM-208)进行硝化,由LLM-208得到硝胺化合物N,N′-二(氟偕二硝基乙基)-3,4-二硝胺呋咱(LLM-209)。在无水甲醇中挥发培养,获得LLM-209的单晶,用X射线单晶衍射仪测试了其单晶结构。通过热重及差示扫描量热仪(TG-DSC)研究了LLM-209的热分解性能,用热重-红外联用仪测试了其气态分解产物,用EXPLO5(V6.02)程序预估了其爆速和爆压,用感度测试仪测试了其撞击感度和摩擦感度。结果表明,LLM-209属于单斜晶系,空间群P2_1/n,298 K下的晶体密度为1.94 g·cm~(-3)。LLM-209有一个熔化吸热峰(94.27℃)和两个明显的分解放热峰(179.96℃和233.86℃)。LLM-209的气态分解产物主要为NO_2、CO_2、CO和N_2O。LLM-209的理论爆速和爆压分别为8981 km·s~(-1)和40.3 GPa。LLM-209的撞击感度和摩擦感度分别为4 J和48 N。     

含能配合物[Ag_2(DAT)_4](NO_3)_2(DAT=1,5-二氨基四唑)的合成、晶体结构及性能

以1,5-二氨基四唑(DAT)与硝酸银为起始原料制备了新型含能配合物[Ag_2(DAT)_4](NO_3)_2,收率86%。用元素分析和傅里叶变换红外光谱法对其结构进行了表征。培养了目标配合物的单晶。用X-射线单晶衍射仪测定了其晶体结构。用差示扫描量热法研究了其热分解行为。用Kissinger法和Ozawa法计算了其非等温反应动力学参数:活化能E_K和E_O。计算了其热爆炸临界温度T_b。用氧弹测定了其燃烧热Q_v。计算了其标准生成焓Δ_fH~Θ_(298))。测试了目标配合物的摩擦、撞击和火焰感度。结果表明,目标配合物属于单斜晶系,P21/n空间群,晶胞参数为:a=6.8109(9),b=19.654(3),c=8.4510(11),β=102.590(3)°,V=1104.1(3)~3,Z=2,Dc=2.228 g·cm~(-3),F(000)=729。对目标配合物,E_K=204.9 k J·mol~(-1),E_O=202.8 k J·mol~(-1),T_b=224.4℃,Q_v=-4177.59k J·mol~(-1),Δ_fH~Θ_(298)=258.14 k J·mol~(-1),目标配合物对撞击和火焰不敏感,对摩擦较为敏感。     

3-氟偕二硝甲基-1,2,4-三唑的合成及性能

以3-氰基~(-1),2,4-三唑为原料,经肟化、重氮化-氯化、硝解、还原、氟化等反应合成了一种含氟偕二硝甲基官能团的新型含能化合物——3-氟偕二硝甲基~(-1),2,4-三唑(FDNMT),利用红外光谱、核磁(~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR)、元素分析和质谱等方法表征了化合物的结构;优化了肟化反应的合成条件:3-氰基~(-1),2,4-三唑和盐酸羟胺摩尔比为1∶1.15,p H值为8,反应时间为2 h,反应温度为60℃,收率为49.0%;获得了FDNMT的单晶并进行了晶体结构解析,该化合物晶体为正交晶系,空间群为Pbcn,晶体学参数为:a=7.4821(11),b=9.8106(15),c=38.683(6),V=2839.5(7)~3,Z=16,μ=0.178 mm~(-1),F(000)=1536;采用Gaussian 09程序中的CBS-4M方法计算了该化合物的生成热,基于密度和计算的生成热,利用Kamlet-Jacobs爆轰方程预估该化合物的爆轰性能:密度1.81 g·cm~(-3),生成热-8.7 k J·mol~(-1),爆速8365.0 m·s~(-1),爆压31.1 GPa,爆热为5614.4 k J·kg~(-1)。     

2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑羟胺盐的合成与性能

用2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑(HDNMNT)为原料,与羟胺中和反应,合成了2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑羟胺盐(HADNMNT),收率为98.4%。用FTIR,1H NMR,13C NMR,15N NMR和元素分析表征了其结构。用DSC研究了HADNMNT的热稳定性。用密度泛函理论及K-J方程计算了HADNMNT的爆速和爆压。在标准状态下(压强为6.86 MPa,膨胀比为70/1),采用最小自由能原理计算了HADNMNT单元推进剂的理论比冲。结果表明,升温速率为10℃·min-1的HADNMNT的DSC曲线的峰温为145.3℃。它的爆速、爆压和比冲分别为9.240 km·s-1,39.54 GPa和2639.8 N·s·kg-1。     

AEFOX-7的晶体结构和燃烧焓（英文）

制备了1-氨基-1-乙氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(AEFOX-7)水合物的单晶并测定了其结构,该晶体属于立方晶系,空间群是Pna2(1)/m,晶体参数为:a=1.3692(3)nm,b=0.71240(16)nm,c=0.9024(2)nm,β=90°,V=0.8802(4)nm~3,Z=4,μ=0.133 mm~(-1),F(000)=408,D_c=1.465 g·cm~3,R_1=0.0306 and wR_2=0.0855。测定了AEFOX-7、1-氨基-1-甲氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(AMFOX-7)和1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)的燃烧焓,相应的标准摩尔燃烧焓分别是:-(2347.83±4.84),-(1819.96±5.94)kJ·mol~(-1)和-(1159.77±1.30)kJ·mol~(-1)。     

1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑-二氨基乙二肟(DAGBTO)富氮含能盐的合成、晶体结构及热性能

以二氨基乙二肟(DAG)和1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑(BTO)为起始原料合成了新型富氮含能盐——1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑-二氨基乙二肟(DAGBTO)。用元素分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱、核磁和质谱对其结构进行了表征。培养了目标化合物的单晶,并通过X-射线单晶衍射仪测定了其晶体结构,结果表明其属于单斜晶系,C2/c空间群,晶胞参数为:a=11.3121(11),b=6.4480(4),c=15.3202(16),β=105.990(2)°,V=1074.23(17)~3,Z=4,D_c=1.782 g·cm~(-3),F(000)=592。通过差示扫描量热分析仪(DSC)研究其热分解行为,并对其非等温反应动力学参数和热安全性参数进行计算,其反应活化能为210.6 kJ·mol~(-1)(Kissinger法)和207.9 kJ·mol~(-1)(Ozawa-Doyle法),二者一致性较好,热分解温度高于190℃,热爆炸临界温度Tbp为200.7℃。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Expert Systems Aimed at General Design of Projectiles

Expert systems aimed at the general design of projectiles can implement a series of intelligent designs, such as the design of HE shell, the scheme expounded and proved, the emulation analysis and calculation, etc. Aiming at the product design feature, the expert system adopts the object-oriented knowledge representation and all kinds of inference control engines to describe and reason the relevant knowledge regarding the product through the microcomputer. It embodies the foundation of emulation analysis and simulated manufacturing of the shell. It makes use of the method that knowledge expression is combined with condition of inference to carry out the overall design and emulation and reference.The paper gives the ways through which the functions can be achieved, gives the modularization of reference and the design methods of systematization, puts forward the method of knowledge expression and working interface, and supplies a platform for similar products of the shell category that can be quickly designed.     

Design of Non-fragile Satisfactory Estimator for Linear Continuous Perturbed Stochastic Systems

The design problem of non-fragile estimator is addressed for a class of perturbed linear continuous systems. The perturbations occur on the plant and estimator parameters. The estimator designed should force the error system to achieve the desired decay rate and force the steady error variance less than the specified upper bound irrdevancy of the admissible plant perturbations and estimator perturbations. Consistency problem of the decay rate with the variance upper bound is first considered via linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach. The solution of the estimator parameter under specifications to be consistent is then discussed. The consistency condition of specifications and estimator parameter solution are transformed to feasible or minimum problems subject to a set of LMI respectively. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.     

An Improved Scene-based Nonuniformity Correction Algorithm for Infrared Focal Plane Arrays Using Neural Networks

The improved scene-based adaptive nonuniformity correction （NUC） algorithms using a neural network （NNT） approach for infrared image sequences are presented and analyzed. The retlna-like neural networks using steepest descent model was the first proposed infrared focal plane arrays （IRFPA） nonuniformity compensation method, which can perform parameter estimation of the sensors over time on a frame by frame basis. To increase the strength and the robustness of the NNT algorithm and to avoid the presence of ghosting artifacts, some optimization techniques, including momentum term, regularization factor and adaptive learning rate, were executed in the parameter learning process. In this paper, the local median filtering result of Xij （ n ） is proposed as an alternative value of desired network output of neuron Xij （ n ）, denoted as Tij （ n ）, which is the local spatial average of Xij （ n ） in traditional NNT methods. Noticeably, the NUC algorithm is inter-frame adaptive in nature and does not rely on any statistical assumptions on the scene data in the image sequence. Applications of this algorithm to the simulated video sequences and real infrared data taken with PV320 show that the correction results of image sequence are better than that of using original NNT approach, especially for the short-time image sequences （several hundred frames） subjected to the dense impulse noises with a number of dead or saturated pixels.     

Piecewise Filter of Infrared Image Based on Moment Theory

The disadvantages of IR images mostly include high noise, blurry edge and so on. The characteristics make the existent smoothing methods ineffective in preserving edge, To solve this problem, a piecewise moment filter （PMF） is put forward. By using moment and piecewise linear theory, the filter can preserve edge. Based on the statistical model of random noise, a related-coefficient method is presented to estimate the variance of noise. The edge region and model are then detected by the estimated variance. The expectation of first-order derivatives is used in getting the reliable offset of edge. At last, a fast moment filter of double-stair edge model is used to gain the piecewise smoothing results and reduce the calculation. The experimental result shows that the new method has a better capability than other methods in suppressing noise and preserving edge.     

Bistatic Sonar Localization Based on Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

A best linear unbiased estimation （BLUE） algorithm for bistatic sonar localization is proposed. The Cramer-Rao bound for bistatic Sonar and the geometrical dilution of precision （GDOP） in different conditions are given. The simulation results show that the location accuracy of BLUE algorithm is higher than the weighted least square method.