ZnBr2催化合成5-氨基四唑

以ZnBr2为催化剂，双氰胺和叠氮化钠在水溶液中反应合成了5-氨基四唑。考察了反应物摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对反应的影响。结果表明，当n（叠氮化钠）：n（双氰胺）=1：1．6，催化剂用量n（叠氮化钠）：n（溴化锌）=1：0．3，反应温度75～85℃，反应时间5．5h时，5-氨基四唑平均收率达83．6％。因此ZnBr2是催化合成5-氨基四唑的优良催化剂。     

1-二叠氮甲基亚氨基-5-叠氮四唑的合成与理论研究

以三氨基胍盐酸盐为原料,经重氮化取代反应和环化反应合成了1-二叠氮甲基亚氨基-5-叠氮四唑(DACAT)。用IR、13C NMR和14N NMR鉴定了它的结构。考察了三氨基胍盐酸盐/亚硝酸钠摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间、体系的pH对反应收率的影响。用密度泛函理论,在B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)基组水平下优化了DACAT的几何结构。用Monte-Carlo法、完全基组法(CBS-4M)和Kamlet-Jacobs公式分别计算了DACAT的理论密度()、气相生成焓(ΔθfHθg,m)、固相生成焓(ΔfH s,m)、爆速(D)和爆压(p)。结果表明,最佳反ρ应条件为:n(三氨基胍盐酸盐)∶n(亚硝酸钠)=1∶2,重氮化取代反应温度为0℃,环化反应温度为20℃,pH值为8.0,重氮化反应和环化反应时间各为30min。两步反应的总收率为12.6%。所得DACAT的、ΔfHθg,m、ΔfHθs,m、D和p值分别为1.7628g·cm-3、ρ1590.42kJ·mol-1、1435.44kJ·mol-1、8725m·s-1和34.52GPa。     

5,5′-偶氮四唑锌的合成及表征

以5-氨基四唑为原料,碱性氧化得到偶氮四唑钠(NaATZ),NaATZ溶液和锌离子溶液反应得到一种高氮含能化合物5,5’-偶氮四唑锌(ZnATZ)。通过正交试验得到最佳反应条件:反应温度65℃,NaATZ浓度为0.2 mol·L-1,Zn2+浓度为0.5 mol·L-1,N aATZ和锌盐物质的量之比为1:1.5。采用红外、元素分析等分析手段对其进行了表征,其化合物分子式为C2N10Zn.2 H2O。TG和D SC分析表明,ZnATZ的初始分解温度为192℃,峰温为219℃,热稳定性较好。感度测试结果表明,ZnATZ对火焰和撞击敏感,有点火药和击发药组分的重要特性。     

偶氮四唑二胍的合成优化与性能表征

以5-氨基四唑(5-AT)为原料,经过氧化和合成两步反应制得偶氮四唑二胍(GZT)。研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比和NaOH溶液的浓度对合成该物质的影响,表明该法制备GZT的优化反应条件为:5-AT的用量为0.10 mol时,NaOH溶液的浓度为1.5 mol.L-1,5-AT与KMnO4的摩尔比为3∶3,在80℃下反应60 min。放大实验平均产率在80%以上。并通过元素分析、红外光谱分析、核磁、热重-差热分析,对产物的物性、组成和结构进行了表征。     

氨基四唑化合物异构和分解反应的研究进展

对氨基四唑的多种分解和异构途径进行了综述,主要介绍了5-氨基四唑和1,5-二氨基四唑异构和分解的国内外研究现状.从目前的研究现状来看,比较常见的氨基四唑异构体主要有1-取代-氨基四唑、2-取代-氨基四唑以及1-取代-亚氨基四唑; 氨基四唑的分解途径主要有两种方式,一是两处断键开环分解成RN3和NH2CN,另一种为一处断键开环生成叠氮化物,该叠氮化物再失去一分子N2.第一种分解反应途径位垒较低,是最可几的分解途径.     

5-氨基四唑硝酸盐的合成工艺优化及结构表征

以5-氨基四唑一水化合物(5-AT·H2O)为原料,与硝酸反应一步制得5-氨基四唑硝酸盐(5-ATN)。研究了硝酸用量、反应温度和反应时间对目标物合成的影响。通过正交实验得到最优合成工艺:20℃下,5 g 5-AT·H2O与15 mL浓硝酸(65%)边搅拌边反应15 min,目标物产率达92.6%。和文献报道比较,该工艺反应温度降低、时间缩短、产率提高。表面形貌分析与吸湿性测试结果表明目标产物晶体表面光滑、吸湿性低。     

五种呋咱衍生物的新法合成

改进3-(N-2,4,6-三硝基苯基)-氨基-4-硝基呋咱、3-氨基-4-(1H-5-四唑基) 呋咱、3-硝基-4-(1H-5-四唑基) 呋咱、 3,3′-(1H-5-四唑基)-4,4′-偶氮呋咱及3-氨基-4-(4-氰基-5-氨基-1-1,2,3-三唑基) 呋咱的合成方法,反应条件相对温和,产率相应提高: 3-氨基-4-硝基呋咱与2,4,6-三硝基氯苯(苦基氯) 反应以36.1%的收率制得3-(N-2,4,6-三硝基苯基)-氨基-4-硝基呋咱; 3-氨基-4-氰基呋咱和叠氮基成环得到3-氨基-4-(1H-5-四唑基) 呋咱,产率90.9%; 以高锰酸钾为氧化剂氧化3-氨基-4-(1H-5-四唑基) 呋咱合成出86.8%的3,3′-(1H-5-四唑基) -4,4′-偶氮呋咱,以30%的双氧水、钨酸钠及甲磺酸为氧化体系则得到75.6%的3-硝基-4-(1H-5-四唑基) 呋咱; 3-氨基-4-叠氮基呋咱与丙二腈作用制得3-氨基-4-(4-氰基-5-氨基-1-1,2,3-三唑基) 呋咱,产率为91.8%; 采用核磁、红外、质谱等分析手段对所合成化合物进行结构表征。      

4-氨基-2,6-双(5-氨基-1H-四唑基)-3,5-二硝基吡啶的合成与性能（英）

以4-氨基-2,6-二氯吡啶为原料,经过硝化和缩合两步反应,合成出一种新型耐热炸药,4-氨基-2,6-双(5-氨基-1H-四唑基)-3,5-二硝基吡啶(ABDP),总收率为36%。采用核磁共振、质谱及元素分析对产物结构进行表征。分别研究了3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑和5-氨基四唑与4-氨基-2,6-二氯-3,5-二硝基吡啶的缩合反应,结果发现,3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑中伯胺和仲胺的亲核性相近,5-氨基四唑中仲胺的亲核性优于伯胺。用热重(TG)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了ABDP的热分解性能,发现其在322 ℃有一个热分解峰,322 ℃时总热失重量为97%,采用Rothstein方法计算4-氨基-2,6-双(5-氨基-2H-四唑基)-3,5-二硝基吡啶的爆速为8823 m·s^-1,爆压为36.72 GPa。     

4-氨基-2,6-双(5-氨基-1 H-四唑基)-3,5-二硝基吡啶的合成与性能（英文）

以4-氨基-2,6-二氯吡啶为原料,经过硝化和缩合两步反应,合成出一种新型耐热炸药,4-氨基-2,6-双(5-氨基-1 H-四唑基)-3,5-二硝基吡啶(ABDP),总收率为36%。采用核磁共振、质谱及元素分析对产物结构进行表征。分别研究了3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑和5-氨基四唑与4-氨基-2,6-二氯-3,5-二硝基吡啶的缩合反应,结果发现,3-氨基-1,2,4-三氮唑中伯胺和仲胺的亲核性相近,5-氨基四唑中仲胺的亲核性优于伯胺。用热重(TG)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了ABDP的热分解性能,发现其在322℃有一个热分解峰,322℃时总热失重量为97%,采用Rothstein方法计算4-氨基-2,6-双(5-氨基-2 H-四唑基)-3,5-二硝基吡啶的爆速为8823m·s-1,爆压为36.72GPa。     

两种新型1-取代的5-氨基四唑含能衍生物的合成及性能

以2-氯-4-氨基吡啶为原料,经硝化得到2-氯-4-氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶,然后与5-氨基四唑进行缩合反应得到新型含能化合物2-(5-氨基-四唑-1-基)-4-氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶(1),收率64%;由2-氨基-6-氯-3,5-二硝基吡啶与5-氨基四唑缩合得到新型含能化合物6-(5-氨基四唑-1-基)-2-氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶(2),收率41%。采用核磁共振、红外、质谱、元素分析对化合物1和2进行了结构表征。计算了化合物1和2的爆速、爆压及氧平衡,利用TG和DSC分析法研究了化合物1和2的热行为。结果表明,化合物1和2具有相同的爆速、爆压及氧平衡,其值分别为8.18 km·s-1,30.7 GPa和-62.9%。化合物1的热失重在280~325℃范围内变化,累计失重71%,热分解峰温为304.5℃;化合物2的热失重在285~415℃范围内变化,累计失重65%,初始分解温度为310.67℃。     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Design and Implementation of One Missile Visual Simulation System Based on OpenGL

The implementation of a missile＇s visual simulation system is explained that is developed with OpenGL（open graphic library） and the flight path and flight carriage in different stages of the missile are displayed. The establishment problems of the 3D scene are circumstantiated including the construction and redeployment of the model, creation of the virtual scene, setting of the multi-viewports and multi-windows etc. The missile＇s data driver, system flow, the modules and their mutual relations of the missile visual simulation system are discussed. The missile flight simulation results and effect of the scenes are given.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Dynamic Encryption Technology in Ad-hoc Networks

A new dynamic encryption application in ad-hoc networks is proposed. The advantages of this method are its being able to use the previous ciphertext as a seed of a new encryption process, rendering the encryption process effective in all communication process by continuous dynamic key generation together with synchronization, and its capability to cut back on system bandages to a greater extent, which is valuable for the ad-hoc circumstance. In addition, the rationality and effectiveness of this novel encryption method have been verified by the test results.     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

An Experimental Study on Electro Chemical Machining of Microelectrode

Puts forward a new method in machining microelectrode by electro chemical machining （ECM） and plastic deformed theory. The procedure of this method is to machine the microelectrode according to the basic rule of ECM theory at first. Then, with the change of ECM machining parameters, one of the microelectrode ends is exerted by a load. As a result, the elastic and plastic deformation is produced at the machining section and the microelectrode diameter is reduced. It has been proved that the proposed method can determine the optimum machining parameters to machine the microelectrode of Cu.     

Unscented Kalman Filter for Autonomous Warship Attitude Determination

To address a problem of autonomous attitude determination algorithm using gravitational field and geomagnetic field observation, a new recursive optimization autonomous attitude estimation algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is based on unscented Kalman fiher(UKF), and can synchronously provide the attitude rate information. The simulated results show that the measurement precision of the method could be increased by 2 times compared to that of the common methods.     

Error Coefficient Estimation of Inertial Platformin Its Calibration

The error coefficient estimation of inertial platform in the course of its consecutive ground calibration is studiedA separate-bias algorithm is adopted to estimate the error parameters effectively. The ill-conditioning problem of the equation solution caused by the huge state dimension is also resolved. And the simulation result shows its validity.