A-Ⅸ-Ⅱ压装炸药失效模式分析

为了探讨A-Ⅸ-Ⅱ压装炸药的失效模式,通过扫描电镜、工业CT分别对低装药密度、中装药密度和高装药密度A-Ⅸ-Ⅱ炸药装药在高低温循环温度应力施加下的结构稳定性进行分析研究,并讨论了裂纹和"渗油"两种结构失稳模式。研究表明A-Ⅸ-Ⅱ压装炸药的主要失效模式是药柱产生裂纹,"渗油"引起的结构失稳是否会导致装药失效还有待进一步研究。     

装药密度及尺寸对RDX基含铝炸药爆压爆速的影响

利用锰铜压力传感器和测时仪测量了不同装药密度和尺寸下的RDX基含铝炸药的爆压和爆速,拟合出了爆压、爆速与装药密度的关系式,研究了装药密度和尺寸对RDX基含铝炸药爆压、爆速的影响。结果表明,随着密度的增加,RDX基含铝炸药的爆压和爆速均增加;当装药直径和装药长度分别达到20 mm和40 mm时,RDX基含铝炸药已经达到稳定爆轰,装药直径和装药长度再增加,爆压和爆速基本不变。     

α-AlH_3对HMX基炸药爆轰参数的影响

为了研究α-AlH_3对混合炸药爆轰性能的影响,设计了不同配比含α-AlH_3和铝粉系列炸药配方。采用直接法制备炸药造型粉,用模压法制备测试用药柱,分别进行了爆热和爆速测试。研究结果表明:HMX基含α-AlH_3炸药爆热随着α-AlH_3含量的增加而增加,与含铝炸药爆热的变化趋势一致,其爆热值与同质量分数含铝炸药相当;HMX基含α-AlH_3炸药爆速随α-AlH_3含量增加呈下降趋势,相对密度相同时同质量分数含α-AlH_3炸药的爆速低于含铝炸药。     

成型工艺对2,4-二硝基苯甲醚基熔铸炸药装药质量的影响

为了提高2,4-二硝基苯甲醚（DNAN）基熔铸炸药的装药质量,采用压力浇铸与真空浇铸成型工艺,研究其对DNAN基熔铸炸药温度场、缩孔疏松、相对密度及抗拉强度的影响规律。结果表明：压力浇铸使DNAN基熔铸炸药凝固时间缩短,药柱内部缩孔疏松及气孔减少;当成型压力达到0.8 MPa时,DNAN/奥克托今（HMX）炸药相对密度和抗拉强度分别提高了6.4%、9.9%,药柱无裂纹;DNAN/黑索今（RDX）炸药的相对密度提高了2.7%,但抗拉强度降低了40.8%,同时药柱存在裂纹。真空浇铸对DNAN基熔铸炸药凝固过程温度场无影响,使药柱内部缩孔疏松及气孔减少;当真空度达到0.08 MPa时,DNAN/RDX炸药的相对密度及抗拉强度分别提高了2.0%、14.3%,药柱无裂纹。因此,为了获得高质量的熔铸炸药,DNAN/HMX炸药可采用压力浇铸;DNAN/RDX炸药可采用真空浇铸。     

分步压装含铝炸药的成型性研究

为了提高分步压装装药质量和装药密度,保证装药工艺及使用过程的安全性,设计了3种不同粘结剂配比的含铝炸药,通过50℃、20℃、-40℃及温度冲击条件下药柱的抗压强度测试,研究不同配方药柱的力学性能和环境适应性;采用分步压装工艺进行装药试验,通过装药密度对比分析,研究粘结剂配比对分步压装工艺成型性的影响。结果表明:复合粘结剂配比对炸药可压性有一定影响,含少量增塑剂的炸药配方具有低比压成型特征,有利于提高分步压装装药密度和工艺安全性,并且装药具有良好的环境适应性。     

微型爆炸网络用DNTF/HMX基传爆药研究

为了使爆炸网络装药在实现高爆速、高安全和小临界尺寸传爆的同时满足装药均匀性好、爆速极差小的要求,以3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)和奥克托今(HMX)为主体炸药,以含能聚合物聚叠氮基缩水甘油醚(GAP)为粘结剂,配以其它助剂,设计出一种适用于微小尺寸爆炸网络的DNTF/HMX基传爆药配方,并采用微注射工艺将其装入到微型爆炸网络沟槽中。采用扫描电镜(SEM)表征了主体炸药颗粒粒径和形貌并观察和测试了装药表面;采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)测试了主体炸药和装药后炸药的晶型;采用直线传爆临界尺寸实验测试了传爆性能;采用撞击感度与冲击波感度实验测试了配方的安全性能。结果表明:配方的炸药组分固含量为85%,固化成型后装药表面平整,颗粒分布均匀,炸药晶型未发生变化,沟槽中装药密度可达1.6 g·cm~(-3)(理论密度的92%)以上。在此装药密度下,该配方的直线传爆临界尺寸为0.6 mm×0.6 mm,在0.8 mm×0.8 mm的沟槽中爆速为7558m·s~(-1),爆速极差为29 m·s~(-1);撞击感度特性落高为45.2 cm(5.0 kg落锤),冲击波安全性试验小隔板厚度值为8.74 mm。     

典型水中战斗部炸药装药跌落撞击响应特性

针对大装药量的水中战斗部跌落安全性问题,采用自由式落锤试验方法模拟典型水中战斗部炸药药柱跌落撞击响应.以B炸药作为试验参考基准,选择水中战斗部的典型炸药装药RS211和2,4二硝基苯甲醚(DNAN)基炸药,通过落锤升降法获得炸药装药撞击响应阈值及撞击敏感性.结果表明:B炸药和RS211炸药在跌落撞击响应均为爆炸,φ20 mm×20 mm的B炸药和RS211炸药发生爆炸响应的最小高度分别为2 m和3 m,未发生爆炸响应的最大高度分别为1.8 m和2.5 m;φ30 mm×30 mm的B炸药和RS211炸药发生爆炸响应最小高度分别为5.5 m和6.0 m,未发生爆炸响应的最大高度分别为5.0 m和5.5 m;DNAN基炸药药柱在试验过程中均发生了爆炸,撞击响应随跌落高度降低转为爆燃反应,有大量被挤压的残余药粉,且相同距离处测得的冲击波超压值越来越小,说明爆炸响应程度越来越低.     

微纳米HMX基PBX力学、导热性能及药片撞击感度

为了研究微纳米尺度下颗粒尺寸对于炸药撞击感度的影响规律及作用机制,将三种奥克托今(HMX,粒径为100~300 nm,1~2μm,10~20μm)基高聚物粘接炸药(PBX)造型粉压制成表观密度分别为1.74 g·cm~(-3)与1.50 g·cm~(-3)的PBX样品,研究了HMX粒径与表观密度对PBX样品压缩力学性能、导热性能以及药片撞击感度的影响。使用扫描电镜观察了样品受落锤撞击前后的微观形貌,并通过自行设计的试验装置测试了落锤撞击加载过程中样品的受力情况。结果表明,PBX样品的压缩强度、压缩模量、导热系数及热扩散系数均随HMX粒径的减小而显著增大。在相同表观密度下,PBX样品的撞击感度随HMX粒径减小而明显降低;对于含同种粒径HMX的PBX样品,撞击感度随表观密度的增加而略微升高。撞击作用下HMX粒径较大的样品主要发生孔穴压缩与颗粒破碎,HMX粒径较小的样品主要发生颗粒层的剪切滑移。在相同撞击条件下,作用于试样力的峰值随表观密度的增大或粒径的减小而增大。认为炸药颗粒细化所带来的撞击感度降低是细化后炸药内部孔隙尺寸减小、孔隙结构均匀化程度提高以及导热性能提升等因素共同作用的结果。     

HMX基混合炸药药柱膨胀规律的探究

为了探究HMX基混合炸药药柱的膨胀规律,对两种代表性的炸药药柱进行了压制压力、热循环和老化等试验,并对其影响机理进行了分析。结果表明:增加压制的压力,药柱密度会不可逆地增加,放置24h后药柱体积膨胀会逐渐减小;药柱增大主要出现在最初的几个热循环中,且随着循环次数的增加基本停止;在老化试验中药柱体积增加幅度最大也出现在最初的时间内,随着时间的增加,增加幅度逐渐减小,而药柱质量随老化时间的延长逐渐减小。     

功能助剂对2,4-二硝基苯甲醚基熔铸炸药性能的影响

为了获得适用于2,4-二硝基苯甲醚(DNAN)基熔铸炸药的功能助剂体系,改善其装药性能,通过黏附功确定功能助剂为吐温60和醋酸丁酸纤维素(CAB);采用巴西实验、静态剪切实验、撞击感度爆炸概率法实验、摩擦感度爆炸概率法实验、小隔板实验和液体静力称量法,研究了功能助剂对DNAN 20/奥克托今80(HMX 80)熔铸炸药的拉伸强度、剪切强度、撞击感度、摩擦感度、冲击波感度和装药密度的影响规律。实验结果表明:功能助剂使得DNAN 20/HMX 80熔铸炸药在-40℃、20℃、60℃下的拉伸强度分别增大6.25%、10.3%、47.8%,剪切强度分别增大23.5%、27.8%、45.1%;摩擦感度、撞击感度和冲击波感度分别降低14.29%、4.76%、3.11%;相对密度提高0.2%.因此,功能助剂吐温60和CAB可以用于改善DNAN基熔铸炸药的力学性能和安全性能。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Expert Systems Aimed at General Design of Projectiles

Expert systems aimed at the general design of projectiles can implement a series of intelligent designs, such as the design of HE shell, the scheme expounded and proved, the emulation analysis and calculation, etc. Aiming at the product design feature, the expert system adopts the object-oriented knowledge representation and all kinds of inference control engines to describe and reason the relevant knowledge regarding the product through the microcomputer. It embodies the foundation of emulation analysis and simulated manufacturing of the shell. It makes use of the method that knowledge expression is combined with condition of inference to carry out the overall design and emulation and reference.The paper gives the ways through which the functions can be achieved, gives the modularization of reference and the design methods of systematization, puts forward the method of knowledge expression and working interface, and supplies a platform for similar products of the shell category that can be quickly designed.     

Design of Non-fragile Satisfactory Estimator for Linear Continuous Perturbed Stochastic Systems

The design problem of non-fragile estimator is addressed for a class of perturbed linear continuous systems. The perturbations occur on the plant and estimator parameters. The estimator designed should force the error system to achieve the desired decay rate and force the steady error variance less than the specified upper bound irrdevancy of the admissible plant perturbations and estimator perturbations. Consistency problem of the decay rate with the variance upper bound is first considered via linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach. The solution of the estimator parameter under specifications to be consistent is then discussed. The consistency condition of specifications and estimator parameter solution are transformed to feasible or minimum problems subject to a set of LMI respectively. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.     

An Improved Scene-based Nonuniformity Correction Algorithm for Infrared Focal Plane Arrays Using Neural Networks

The improved scene-based adaptive nonuniformity correction （NUC） algorithms using a neural network （NNT） approach for infrared image sequences are presented and analyzed. The retlna-like neural networks using steepest descent model was the first proposed infrared focal plane arrays （IRFPA） nonuniformity compensation method, which can perform parameter estimation of the sensors over time on a frame by frame basis. To increase the strength and the robustness of the NNT algorithm and to avoid the presence of ghosting artifacts, some optimization techniques, including momentum term, regularization factor and adaptive learning rate, were executed in the parameter learning process. In this paper, the local median filtering result of Xij （ n ） is proposed as an alternative value of desired network output of neuron Xij （ n ）, denoted as Tij （ n ）, which is the local spatial average of Xij （ n ） in traditional NNT methods. Noticeably, the NUC algorithm is inter-frame adaptive in nature and does not rely on any statistical assumptions on the scene data in the image sequence. Applications of this algorithm to the simulated video sequences and real infrared data taken with PV320 show that the correction results of image sequence are better than that of using original NNT approach, especially for the short-time image sequences （several hundred frames） subjected to the dense impulse noises with a number of dead or saturated pixels.     

Piecewise Filter of Infrared Image Based on Moment Theory

The disadvantages of IR images mostly include high noise, blurry edge and so on. The characteristics make the existent smoothing methods ineffective in preserving edge, To solve this problem, a piecewise moment filter （PMF） is put forward. By using moment and piecewise linear theory, the filter can preserve edge. Based on the statistical model of random noise, a related-coefficient method is presented to estimate the variance of noise. The edge region and model are then detected by the estimated variance. The expectation of first-order derivatives is used in getting the reliable offset of edge. At last, a fast moment filter of double-stair edge model is used to gain the piecewise smoothing results and reduce the calculation. The experimental result shows that the new method has a better capability than other methods in suppressing noise and preserving edge.     

Bistatic Sonar Localization Based on Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

A best linear unbiased estimation （BLUE） algorithm for bistatic sonar localization is proposed. The Cramer-Rao bound for bistatic Sonar and the geometrical dilution of precision （GDOP） in different conditions are given. The simulation results show that the location accuracy of BLUE algorithm is higher than the weighted least square method.