穆棱河流域上游径流年内分配特性

为分析穆棱河流域上游径流年内分配特征,根据穆棱河干流上游主要控制站——梨树镇水文站1962～2009年逐月天然径流资料,在分析该站径流年内分配变化过程及比例的基础上,采用不均匀系数、完全调节系数、集中度、集中期和绝对变化幅度等指标研究了该站径流年内分配特性,以Man-Kendall检验法和R/S分析法探讨了该站各月径流及其年内分配特征分析指标变化趋势。结果表明,径流年内分布呈"单峰型",径流主要集中在4～10月,占全年径流量的94.9%;最大月径流量出现在5～8月,占全年径流量的19.4%～33.7%;21世纪初的春、冬季径流量偏丰,其余各季径流量偏枯;21世纪初的CV、Cr、Cd和D基本为各年代最大值,ΔR小于多年均值,径流年内分配最不均匀、最集中;CV、Cr、Cd和D在现在和未来均为不显著增加趋势,径流年内分配将更不均匀、更加集中;加之,全年来水减少、汛期来水增加,不利于区域水资源开发利用。可通过地表水、地下水和再生水优化配置,保障流域经济社会良性发展。研究成果对合理开发和利用区域水资源具有一定指导意义。     

近50年太子河南源河流径流年内分配特征及趋势预测

基于太子河南源南甸站1960~2011年逐月径流资料,采用余期望系数、集中度、集中期和绝对变化幅度等指标分析了径流年内分配特征,并采用Mann-Kendall法和R/S分析法预测了年内各月、4季径流及其特征指标变化趋势。结果表明,南甸站径流年内呈单峰型分布,最大、最小月径流分别出现在8月和1月;1~12月及4季径流量均呈减少变化,仅2、4、8月径流量呈不显著减少趋势;未来3月径流量呈增加变化趋势,其余月份及季节径流量将持续减少;目前和未来径流年内分配不均匀程度增加,但集中程度和变化幅度减少。     

北京市降水年内分配特征量化研究

为合理开发和利用北京市水资源,根据北京站1951~2011年逐日降水资料,采用年内分配比例、降水集度PCI、集中度Cd、集中期D等指标分析了降水年内分配特征,借助线性倾向估计法、Mann-Kendall法和R/S分析法分析了年内各月、汛期、主汛期、年降水及其年内分配特征指标的变化趋势。结果表明,统计时段内年、汛期和主汛期降水及PCI、Cd和D均呈减小变化,递减速率依次为40.2 mm/10a、41.3 mm/10a、26.4mm/10a、1.560/10a、0.019/10a和0.898/10a,汛期、主汛期时段降水比例亦存在减小变化,降水年内分配过程渐趋均衡;降水呈显著的月际变化且年内高度集中,1960年代降水月际变化最强,2010年代最弱,1970年代降水年内最集中,2010年代最不集中;未来一段时间内,汛期降水将呈增加变化,年、主汛期降水及PCI、Cd、D及汛期、主汛期时段降水比例均呈减少变化,降水年内分配不均匀性和集中程度减小,最大日降水出现时间将会提前。     

变化环境下浑河流域近50年来径流变化特征研究

浑河是辽河重要支流,研究其径流变化特征,对做好区域水资源相关工作具有重要的参考意义。基于浑河流域上游大伙房水库站、中游沈阳站和下游邢家窝棚站的1962~2011年逐月实测径流资料,借助累积滤波器法、Mann-Kendall法、小波分析法、集中度和集中期等方法和指标研究了变化环境下浑河流域径流的年际、年内变化特征。结果表明,浑河流域径流存在阶段性特征,其中1962~1984年径流偏枯,1985~2011年径流偏丰;各站年径流变化主周期均为11年,第二周期均为5年,第三周期存在微小差别;径流年内集中度逐渐减小,各月分配的径流量趋于均匀;浑河流域各站年、非汛期径流量分别呈减少、增加变化,总体上,汛期各月径流量呈减少变化,非汛期各月径流多呈增加变化,这些变化有助于发展流域社会经济和保护河流生态系统的健康。     

呼兰河流域上游天然径流变化趋势及突变特征分析

鉴于呼兰河流域径流研究较少的问题,根据呼兰河流域上游铁力水文站1953～2014年天然径流资料,采用Db3小波分解法、Mann-Kendall法和R/S分析法分别研究了流域上游年径流量、月最小径流量的趋势性、突变性和持续性特征,并从气候变化和人类活动两方面定性讨论了径流发生变化的原因。结果表明,铁力气象站年降水量、铁力水文站年径流量变化特征一致,均呈不显著减少变化,未来将持续减少,突变点位于1965年;铁力水文站最小月径流量、铁力气象站春季月均最低气温变化特征一致,均呈不显著增加变化,未来将继续增加;降水变化是径流变化主因之一;春季月均最低气温升高会增加冰雪融水,加之各类水利工程建设的综合作用导致流域径流发生变化。研究成果可对合理开发利用呼兰河流域水资源起到一定积极作用。     

浑河流域中上游河川径流变化特征分析

基于浑河流域中上游北口前站和大伙房水库站实测逐月径流资料,借助累积滤波器、Mann-Kendall法、分摊熵、绝对变化幅度和相对变化幅度等方法和指标,研究了浑河流域中上游河川径流年际和年内变化特征及趋势。结果表明,北口前站径流年内分配呈单峰型,其年径流呈不显著增加趋势,最大月径流由7月向8月转移;大伙房水库站径流年内呈双峰型分布,其年径流呈不显著减少趋势,汛期各月径流显著减少,非汛期各月径流增加;北口前站、大伙房水库站径流年内绝对变化幅度、相对变化幅度逐渐减小,但北口前站径流年内分配整体趋于更不均匀,大伙房水库站径流年内分配趋向于均匀,这有助于大伙房水库下游河流生态系统的健康和稳定。     

额尔齐斯河中游鄂木斯克站径流变化特征研究

根据额尔齐斯河中游鄂木斯克水文站77年的逐月实测径流资料,采用径流年际变化、年内各月占年径流百分比、年内不均匀系数、年内分配完全调节系数、集中度及变化幅度等指标,分析了额尔齐斯河中游径流年际变化特征和年内分配规律。结果表明,受上游水利工程的影响,额尔齐斯河中游鄂木斯克站年径流量呈显著下降趋势;径流年内分配不均匀性减小,集中度降低,集中期的长期变化有所提前;非汛期径流量占年径流总量的比例增加,汛期径流量占年径流总量的比例减少,径流量年内分配渐趋均匀。     

梧桐河流域上游径流时序变化特性及趋势

为掌握梧桐河流域上游径流时序变化特性以指导流域水资源开发利用,基于梧桐河上游宝泉岭水文站1951～2013年天然径流序列,采用累积距平法、非参数检验Mann-Kendall法和Morlet小波分析法研究了年、季节径流量的趋势特征、突变特征及周期特征,探讨了引起天然径流量发生变化的主要原因。结果表明,梧桐河流域春、冬两季径流量分别以0.005×10~8、0.004×10~8 m~3/10a平均速率呈增加变化,夏、秋两季径流量分别以0.144×10~8、0.243×108 m~3/10a平均速率呈减少变化,仅秋季径流量减少趋势显著,在季节径流量综合作用下,年径流量以-0.379×10~8 m~3/10a平均速率呈不显著减少变化;年及季节径流量丰枯转变频繁,突变多发生于1960年代中期以前;年及四季径流量存在显著周期特征,第1主周期依次为12、14、12、11、11年;降水减少引起流域径流量减少,使得两者呈基本一致的时序变化特性。研究成果可为流域水资源开发利用及规划管理提供依据。     

秦岭南北典型流域径流特征及其降水变化响应

为探索秦岭南北典型流域径流特征及其降水变化响应,选择月河流域和灞河流域为典型流域,根据两流域干流站1960~2010年逐月径流资料,用距平累积法、非参数Mann-Kendall法和R/S分析法等方法对年代际、月尺度径流特征进行对比分析,并考虑年内降水变化,建立降水径流关系模型,定量分析降水变化和人类活动对径流的贡献率。结果表明,两流域径流具有较高的相关性,趋势变化规律大体一致,径流系数基本相同;径流年际变化中径流深接近,均呈震荡下降趋势,且灞河流域下降趋势更明显;年代际变化均呈W型,突变点均在1985~1987年之间,灞河流域通过显著性检验;灞河流域径流年内分配比月河流域更平均,灞河流域年内径流呈双峰型,月河流域径流年内变化呈单峰型;随着时间尺度的降低,两流域径流相关性降低。     

近50年来沭河流域天然径流演变特征分析

掌握沭河流域天然径流的演变特征是合理开发利用流域水资源的前提,基于沭河流域主要控制站——大官庄站1958~2000年的天然径流资料,采用差积曲线、趋势系数、基尼系数和Mann-Kendall法,并选取逐年累计均值、距平百分比、绝对变幅、绝对变化率等特征指标,分析了天然径流年际变化的丰枯性、阶段性、趋势性和年内分配的不均匀性、年内变化的趋势性。结果表明,大官庄站出现枯水年和丰水年的概率最大,出现平水年的概率最小;径流年际变化经历了3个丰水段、1个平水段和3个枯水段;年、汛期、非汛期及各月径流量均呈减少趋势,仅7月径流量减少趋势显著;20世纪70年代径流年内分配最不均匀,1980年代最均匀;1987年径流年内分配最不均匀,1974年最均匀;基尼系数、绝对变幅、绝对变化率呈减少趋势,但均不显著。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.