进气温度对乙醇均质压燃过程的影响

论述了利用速压机进行的进气温度对乙醇均质压燃性能影响的研究,混合气进气温度的提高将促使燃烧始点提前;随着进气温度的提高,最高燃烧爆发压力提高,最高爆发压力产生的时间提前;进气温度的提高也引起了燃烧过程压力升高率增大,最大压力升高率的时间提前;进气温度越高放热量曲线越陡,达到最大放热量所用的时间也越短,最大放热量也越高;混合气温度的升高也带来了最高放热率增大的效果;此外,随着混合气进气温度升高,燃烧最高温度也相应提高.     

用快速压缩机研究乙醇燃料的HCCI燃烧特性

为进一步了解乙醇燃料的HCCI燃烧特性,利用自主研发的快速压缩机,研究了边界条件对乙醇燃料HC-CI燃烧特性的影响.试验表明:随着充量温度的升高,燃烧持续期缩短,最高燃烧温度升高,放热率最大值增加,最大压力升高率增大,最大压力升高率出现的时刻提前;随着过量空气系数的增大,可燃混合气的浓度减小,燃烧始点延迟,燃料的最高燃烧温度降低,放热率最大值降低,最大压力升高率降低、出现时刻提前,着火温度降低,同时反应速率减慢,燃烧持续期增加.     

采用快速压缩机对甲醇燃料的HCCI燃烧特性的研究

为进一步了解高辛烷值燃料的均质压燃燃烧特性,利用自主研发的快速压缩机,研究了边界条件对甲醇燃料HCCI燃烧特性的影响.试验表明:随着充量温度的升高,燃烧始点提前,燃烧持续期缩短,燃烧温度最大值增加,放热率最大值增加,最大压力升高率增大,最大压力升高率出现时刻提前;随着可燃混合气过量空气系数的增加,可燃混合气的浓度减小,燃烧始点延迟,燃料的最高燃烧温度降低,放热率最大值降低,最大压力升高率降低,着火温度升高,同时反应速率减慢,所以燃烧持续期增加,最大压力升高率减小,最大压力升高率出现时刻延迟.     

空气和甲烷/空气氛围中喷油压力对柴油燃烧特性的影响

利用高速摄像的方法,在定容燃烧弹内对比了柴油在空气(AA)和在甲烷/空气(MAA)氛围中的燃烧过程和碳烟生成特性.结果表明:两种氛围中喷油压力对柴油着火和燃烧影响规律一致;当喷油压力从40,MPa升高到160,MPa时,柴油在空气和甲烷/空气氛围中滞燃期分别由2.6,ms和2.8,ms缩短至2.0,ms和2.1,ms,燃烧持续期分别由5.2,ms和4.9,ms缩短至3.3,ms和3.2,ms;火焰浮起长度增加,燃烧压力更快达到峰值,放热率曲线上升始点提前,放热率峰值增大;空间综合自然发光度(SINL)和时间积分自然发光度(TINL)均大幅度降低.但在甲烷/空气氛围中与在空气中相比,柴油滞燃期平均延长0.18,ms,燃烧持续期平均缩短0.15,ms;火焰浮起长度增加,燃烧压力和放热率升高始点均推迟,放热率峰值升高;SINL和TINL均有所降低.     

增压中冷稀燃天然气发动机燃烧特性试验研究

以190型天然气发动机为对象,采集了发动机的示功图,分析了点火提前角及负荷对燃烧过程的影响规律。试验结果表明,在BTDC28℃A到BTDC36℃A范围内,最高燃烧压力和最大瞬时放热率以及缸内最高燃烧温度随点火提前角的增大而增大;BTDC33℃A点火提前角下最高燃烧压力和最大瞬时放热率以及缸内最高燃烧温度随负荷的增大而增大;火焰发展期随点火提前角增大而增大,随负荷增加而减小;50%燃烧相位角随点火提前角、负荷的增加而减小,速燃期随点火提前角的增大先增大后减小,随负荷增加呈减小趋势。     

柴油机预混合燃烧循环变动特性研究

在发动机台架进行了直喷式柴油机预混合燃烧中低负荷循环变动的试验研究。分析了EGR、喷油始点和喷油压力对预混合燃烧循环变动的影响。研究结果表明:预混合燃烧的燃烧持续期短,放热迅速,最大压力升高率较大,增大EGR和推迟喷油降低了最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率,最大压力升高率的循环变动系数随EGR增大而增大,随喷油推迟而减小。燃烧发展期与最高燃烧压力、最大压力升高率、最大放热率、燃烧持续期和燃烧重心等参数具有很强的相关性。燃烧循环变动小的点与排放较好的点参数相吻合。利用空燃比很好地反映了EGR、喷油率始点等参数对燃烧循环变动系数的影响。平均指示压力的循环变动系数在正常情况均小于10%。并提出了减小循环变动进一步降低排放可能采取的措施。     

乙醇燃料均质压燃的试验研究

利用多功能燃烧弹对乙醇进行均质压燃性能的研究,具有边界条件可控的独特优点．在多功能燃烧模拟系统(多功能燃烧弹)中进行了不同混合气温度对燃烧过程及不同空燃比对燃烧过程影响规律的试验研究．混合气温度的升高将促使燃烧最高压力、最大压力升高率和放热率增加,而且其峰值提前；随空燃比的加大,燃烧压力、压力升高率和燃烧放热率下降,且出现峰值的时刻推迟．     

高压共轨柴油机高海拔(低气压)燃烧特性

利用内燃机高原环境模拟试验台,对经过高海拔标定后的高压共轨柴油机进行了外特性试验,重点研究了高原环境条件(0～5,km)对低速和高速燃烧特性的影响.结果表明:该柴油机在低速下平均指示压力、最高燃烧压力、最大压力升高率和放热率峰值均随海拔的增加而减小;海拔每升高1,km,上述燃烧参数分别平均降低6.83%、7.03%、4.00%和3.92%.低速下最高燃烧压力点、放热率峰值点和放热率重心随海拔基本保持不变,最大压力升高率点后移.高速下平均指示压力和放热率峰值随海拔的增加而减小,海拔每升高1,km,分别降低2.59%和2.00%;最高燃烧压力随海拔基本保持不变,最高燃烧温度随海拔的增加而增高;最高燃烧压力点、最高燃烧温度点和放热率峰值点以及放热率重心前移.在高海拔高速工况下发生了燃烧压力振荡,造成噪声和机械负荷增大.     

二甲醚／空气预混合气燃烧特性

利用定容燃烧弹研究了不同当量比和初始压力下的二甲醚/空气预混合气的燃烧特性,并基于准维双区模型计算了二甲醚/空气预混合气燃烧特征参数.研究结果表明:在各初始压力条件下,化学计量比附近的混合气压力升高率和混合气质量燃烧速率最大.对于稀混合气和当量比混合气,火焰传播速率随初始压力的降低而增加;而对于浓混合气,火焰传播速率随初始压力的降低而降低.最高燃烧压力出现在化学计量比附近而与初始压力无关.对于给定的当量比,最高燃烧压力随初始压力的增加而明显增加.在化学计量比附近,燃烧持续期和火焰发展期最短且基本上不随初始压力变化.     

燃烧边界条件对乙醇均质压燃燃烧的影响

在一台由CA6110柴油机改造而成的单缸发动机上进行了燃烧边界条件对乙醇燃料均质压燃（HCCI）燃烧过程影响的试验研究。结果表明，在转速和进气温度一定时，随着过量空气系数的增加，着火始点推迟，燃烧持续期变长，缸内的最大燃烧压力降低，放热率降低，φ50（50％乙醇燃烧放热量所在的曲轴转角）位置推迟，燃烧效率降低；在发动机转速、进气温度和过量空气系数一定时，随着EGR率的升高，着火始点推迟，燃烧持续期延长，φ50位置推迟，放热速率降低，压力升高率变小，缸内最大燃烧压力减小，燃烧效率降低。在转速和供油量一定时，随着进气温度的升高，着火始点提前，燃烧持续期变短，压力升高率变大，缸内的最大燃烧压力变大。得到了发动机转速、过量空气系数和对应于最大指示热效率点的进气温度间的MAP图。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

The Solar Office in context

The goal of sustainability in buildings can only hope to be realised if buildings are designed to both conserve and generate energy. The Solar Office at Doxford International is designed to minimise the use of energy while its external fabric is designed to replace such energy that is used. The recently completed building is now subject of a comprehensive monitoring programme. The programme covers both the performance of the 73 kW_p photovoltaic installation and the environmental conditions within the building as a whole. Hour by hour findings are posted on a dedicated web site. Photovoltaics could have the same impact on building form and layout as the invention of the passenger lift at the end of the last century.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Hydrogen recovery from the photovoltaic electroflocculation-flotation process for harvesting Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae

In this paper, an integrated process using photovoltaic power to harvest microalgae by electro-flocculation (EF) and hydrogen recovery is presented. It is mainly favorable in regions with high solar radiation. The electro-flocculation efficiency (EFE) of Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae was investigated using various types of electrodes (aluminum, iron, zinc, copper and a non-sacrificial electrode of carbon). The best results regarding the EFE, and biomass contamination were achieved with aluminum and carbon electrodes where the electrical energy demand of the process for harvesting 1 kg of algae biomass was 0.28 and 0.34 kWh, respectively, while the energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 0.052 and 0.005 kWh kg^?1, respectively. The highest harvesting efficiency of 95.83 ± 0.87% was obtained with the aluminum electrode.The experimental hydrogen yields obtained were comparable with those calculated from theory. With a low net energy demand, microalgae EF may be a useful and low-cost technology.