电控单体泵多泵供油系统一致性研究北大核心CSCD

通过开展不同低压供油压力和单泵关键结构参数对多泵一致性的影响研究,获得了多泵供油特性随各参数的变化规律。利用AMESim一维仿真软件建立了电控单体泵(electronic unit pump,EUP)单泵和某8 V柴油机多泵供油系统模型,对比试验数据验证模型的准确性。随后探究了低压供油压力和凸轮转速对单泵及8 V多泵供油系统中同侧4个单体泵的充油压力和供油压力的影响,确定0.6 MPa为最合适的低压供油压力,并获得了各缸供油峰值压力和峰值压力一致性的变化规律。同时研究了单个单体泵主要结构参数对自身和同侧4个单体泵的影响,得到散差随各参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:半锥角和高压油道直径变化时整体散差变动幅度均在0.5%以内;控制阀升程和柱塞直径变化时,喷油量和峰值压力散差波动的幅度分别为2.03%、0.58%和0.93%、0.19%,因此在加工制造时要严格控制控制阀升程和柱塞直径的精度。     

全液压制动系统双回路制动阀仿真与实验研究

分析了双回路制动阀的动态工作过程,探讨了双回路制动阀上、下阀芯对其前、后桥输出口的遮盖量对动态工作特性的影响.基于AMESim液压/机械多场耦合仿真平台建立了双回路制动阀的仿真模型,研究了遮盖量变化对制动压力输出特性的影响规律以及单回路制动安全性能.搭建了全液压制动系统的实验台架,对具有不同遮盖量的制动阀样品的制动性能进行了实验对比测试.实测结果表明:遮盖量与制动空行程成正相关,与前、后桥的最大制动压力成负相关;双回路制动阀的前、后回路相互独立,当其中一条回路失效时,另一条回路仍能正常工作.实验结果与仿真结果具有良好的一致性,验证了该仿真模型的有效性.     

液化石油气喷雾特性的试验与计算研究

采用高速摄影技术对液化石油气(LPG)喷雾特性进行试验研究,并利用准维气相射流模型模拟计算LPG喷雾的发展过程,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。研究结果表明:在喷孔直径、背压等参数相同的条件下,LPG喷雾锥角和喷雾轴心浓度的衰减率随启喷压力升高而增大,而启喷压力对喷雾轴心速度的衰减率和喷雾贯穿距离则影响较小;在喷孔直径、启喷压力等参数相同的条件下,喷雾锥角、喷雾轴心速度和浓度的衰减率均随背压的升高而增大,而喷雾贯穿距离则随背压的升高而减小;背压对贯穿距离、喷雾锥角、喷雾轴心速度和浓度衰减率的影响均大于启喷压力。     

电控喷油器电磁控制阀型式选取及特性的试验研究

应用液压流体力学原理,对电控喷油器中的3种电磁控制阀进行了受力分析,推导出了控制阀所受液压力的公式,并进行了仿真计算,比较得出平面阀在关闭过程中所受液压力最大,锥阀最小.基于国内材料及加工工艺,对研制的3种控制阀进行了测试.测试结果与仿真结果有较好的一致性:球阀高压密封性很差,燃油漏泄量大;平面阀与锥阀控制油耗率为28%左右,密封性较好,两者的开启响应时间基本相同;锥阀喷油器关闭响应特性好,其针阀关闭时间可达0.2 ms,喷油规律波形与控制脉冲波形基本一致;平面阀喷油器的针阀关闭时间为0.5 ms,但锥阀工作可靠性差.综合结果采用平面阀作为电磁控制阀可以满足高压共轨的要求.     

液包式雾化喷嘴出口锥角优化实验研究

液包式雾化喷嘴是一种新型脱硫雾化喷嘴,其出口锥角直接影响其雾化性能。采用图3所示实验台架,选用喷嘴出口锥角开展实验,并利用Winner318型激光粒径分析仪,进行了雾化特性试验。结果表明,内锥角的变化对雾化角的影响明显,而外锥角的变化对雾化角基本无影响;内、外锥角的改变对平均雾化粒径基本无影响,喷嘴的雾化角和平均雾化粒径随着气液压力比的增大而减小,当气液压力比达到1.5后,气液压力比的影响作用降低。     

汽油缸内喷射喷雾特性的三维数值模拟

用三维计算流体力学软件模拟了汽油缸内喷射的静态喷雾特性 ,研究了燃烧室压力、初始液滴直径和喷雾锥角对喷雾特性的影响 ,并与试验结果进行了比较。研究结果表明 :燃烧室压力、初始液滴直径和喷雾锥角对喷雾特性有较大影响     

二甲基醚喷雾特性的数值模拟和实验研究

对二甲基醚在定容室内的喷雾特性进行数值模拟分析。研究环境背压、喷孔直径、启喷压力等对二甲基醚喷雾混合特性的影响,比较二甲基醚和柴油的喷雾特性,并将计算结果与实验数据进行对比。结果表明:环境密度、喷孔直径越大,二甲基醚喷雾体发展越不稳定。环境密度增大时,喷雾贯穿距减小、喷雾锥角增大;喷孔直径增大时,喷雾锥角和喷雾贯穿距随之增大;启喷压力越高,喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角随之增大。     

基于数值模拟的汽油机喷嘴结构优化CFD分析

以5WY-2817A汽油机喷嘴为研究对象,旨在提高该汽油机喷嘴流动特性,利用UG软件对喷嘴进行实体建模,通过喷雾稳态试验对模拟计算提供边界条件。利用AVL-FIRE软件进行喷嘴稳流三维数值计算,研究了不同压力室高度、喷孔分布直径和阀座锥角对喷孔处压力与速度的影响关系。研究结果表明,压力室高度0.2mm,喷孔分布直径1.4mm,阀座锥角43°时喷孔处燃油流动特性最佳。该结构优化可作为改善喷嘴雾化性能的最佳方案。     

分流气体对冲排气消声器压力损失模型研究

进行了分流气体对冲排气消声器压力损失数值计算,试验验证了计算方法的准确性,采用Design-Expert设计了压力损失试验,建立了压力损失与试验因素(内腔直径、对冲孔形状、对冲孔中心距、内腔分流单元锥角和气流速度)之间的数学模型,得出了不同变量对压力损失的二阶交互作用响应面,深入分析了变量间的交互影响关系.结果表明:内腔直径和流速是影响压力损失的主要因素,随着流速的增大,压力损失显著增大;随着内腔直径的增大,压力损失先缓慢减小后快速增大;对冲孔形状为矩形时,压力损失较小;对冲孔中心距和内腔分流单元锥角对压力损失影响较小.以压力损失为优化指标,得到了最佳试验条件,研究结果为该类消声器设计理论研究及优化设计提供了参考.     

二甲基醚（DME）喷雾混合特性的研究

采用阴影法和数学模型方法研究二甲基醚喷雾混合特性,研究了缸内工质密度,喷孔直径,启喷压力等对二甲基醚喷雾混合特性的影响,试验结果表明,二甲基醚喷雾破碎期约为0.2ms-0.4ms,环境密度,喷孔直径增大时,喷雾破碎期缩短,锥角增大,由于贯穿速度大,喷雾贯穿距增大;启喷压力对二甲基醚喷雾贯穿距影响不大,对喷雾锥角有些影响,启喷压力高,喷雾体发展初期,锥角增大,但空间发展后期,两种启喷压力的喷雾锥角趋于一致,喷雾混合特性计算结果表明,二甲基醚喷雾体平均化学当量空燃比比柴油大,因而柴油机燃用二甲基醚时涡流比不宜过大,环境密度增大,喷孔直径减小,喷雾体平均化学当量空燃比增大。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

The Solar Office in context

The goal of sustainability in buildings can only hope to be realised if buildings are designed to both conserve and generate energy. The Solar Office at Doxford International is designed to minimise the use of energy while its external fabric is designed to replace such energy that is used. The recently completed building is now subject of a comprehensive monitoring programme. The programme covers both the performance of the 73 kW_p photovoltaic installation and the environmental conditions within the building as a whole. Hour by hour findings are posted on a dedicated web site. Photovoltaics could have the same impact on building form and layout as the invention of the passenger lift at the end of the last century.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Hydrogen recovery from the photovoltaic electroflocculation-flotation process for harvesting Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae

In this paper, an integrated process using photovoltaic power to harvest microalgae by electro-flocculation (EF) and hydrogen recovery is presented. It is mainly favorable in regions with high solar radiation. The electro-flocculation efficiency (EFE) of Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae was investigated using various types of electrodes (aluminum, iron, zinc, copper and a non-sacrificial electrode of carbon). The best results regarding the EFE, and biomass contamination were achieved with aluminum and carbon electrodes where the electrical energy demand of the process for harvesting 1 kg of algae biomass was 0.28 and 0.34 kWh, respectively, while the energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 0.052 and 0.005 kWh kg^?1, respectively. The highest harvesting efficiency of 95.83 ± 0.87% was obtained with the aluminum electrode.The experimental hydrogen yields obtained were comparable with those calculated from theory. With a low net energy demand, microalgae EF may be a useful and low-cost technology.