干熄炉-锅炉系统节能降耗的对策研究

在全面系统地分析了国内外有关干熄炉-锅炉系统主要节能技术措施的基础上,提出了在循环风机出口处增设“纯水热交换器”的技术方案。利用所建立的干熄炉数学模型、干熄锅炉数学模型、循环气体燃烧过程数学模型、纯水热交换器内热过程数学模型和除氧器内热过程等数学模型开发出了“干熄炉-锅炉系统全流程计算机数值仿真系统”,并根据某公司干熄炉-锅炉系统的实际生产情况,利用该仿真系统软件进行了数值优化计算,分析了增设“纯水热交换器”后对全系统节能降耗主要技术经济指标的影响。     

干熄炉内流动和传热过程数学模型的研究现状及其发展趋势

全面系统地综述了国内外有关干熄炉内流动和传热过程数学模型的研究现状及其发展趋势。其中，利用多孔介质理论建立的干熄炉内流动与传热过程数学模型能够比较真实地揭示干熄炉内气体流动和气固之间的换热规律，已成为干熄炉的优化设计及其最优控制的理论基础。     

燃烧反应干熄炉内传热模拟的浅析

建立了干熄炉内焦炭层床循环气体的传热模型,并耦合燃烧反应计算,分析了干熄炉冷却室内的温度变化,计算结果与实测数据基本一致。本文还进一步分析了化学反应活化能、风料比和燃烧反应对干熄炉内传热的影响,以期为干熄炉的优化设计提供一定参考。     

超临界直流锅炉启动特性计算程序简介

建立启动过程工质侧与烟气侧瞬态流动与传热数学模型,在所建立的数学模型的基础上,开发了超超临界直流锅炉启动特性计算程序,该程序能够计算锅炉冷态、温态、热态启动由点火至30％MCR负荷时的启动特性。为锅炉启动系统的设计和优化运行提供依据,并以实际锅炉启动过程为算例进行了计算验证。     

干熄炉内传热和流体流动的数学模型

干熄焦工艺具有节能和环保双重效益，其基本原理是利用循环惰性气体冷却焦炭。根据多孔介质理论，采用非达西流和非局域热平衡方法，建立了干熄炉内流体流动和传热的数学模型，并采用基于非正交同位网格的SIMPLE方法求解对流扩散方程，通过数值求值，得到了干熄炉内气体速度，压降以及气体和焦炭的温度分布规律，计算结果表明熄焦过程解决焦炭温度偏析的关键是改善布料时焦炭粒度分布的均匀性。     

环空注氮气稠油热采井筒中的干度变化

蒸汽干度是影响注汽开采稠油工艺的主要参数,本文运用传热学、热力学及流体力学等学科知识,提出一种蒸汽干度的计算方法。首先分析了注汽井筒的传热过程,并在考虑压力变化的前提下建立了数学模型,计算得出井筒热损失量,最后确定井筒中任意处的蒸汽干度。以海底蒸汽井为例,分析井中干度随深度的变化情况,为热采注汽系统的现场工艺设计提供参考。     

500MW超临界压力直流锅炉机组实时仿真数学模型

在分析５００ＭＷ超临界压力直流锅炉机组结构和特性的基础上,以质量,能量,动量守恒定律为依据,建立了炉内传热算法和各锅内过程算法。并采用模块化的建模技术,建立了苏制５００ＭＷ超临界压力直流锅炉的实时仿真数学模型。该模型能够准确地模拟实际机组的动态特性和静态特性。     

燃煤锅炉吹灰过程的熵产分析

电站燃煤锅炉运行中对受热面进行吹灰,要经历一系列不可逆过程,出现各种熵产,从热力学第二定律出发,分析电站锅炉吹灰过程的熵产,建立了吹灰蒸汽减压熵产、吹灰蒸汽混合熵产、吹灰蒸汽传热熵产、吹灰蒸汽排烟熵产以及吹灰器电机熵产的计算模型.利用某台燃煤锅炉的现场数据进行了实例计算,结果表明:同一个受热面吹灰所产牛的各种熵产在数值...     

循环流化床锅炉主汽温度低的原因分析及改进

对循环流化床锅炉主汽温度低的原因进行分析,指出设计参数选取不当、传热温压的计算方法选择不当,导致过热器计算受热面面积不足为主要原因,同时在运行中也应重视炉内物料循环量对提高汽温的影响,并从锅炉的设计和运行两个方面提出了一些建议。     

吹灰对锅炉对流受热面传热熵产影响的试验研究

建立了锅炉对流受热面传热熵产的计算模型,并给出了传热熵产生数的计算公式.对1台600 MW机组燃煤锅炉进行了不同吹灰模式的试验.结合采集的实时数据,利用建立的传热熵产模型计算了各对流受热面吹灰前后的传热熵产,得出了吹灰对各受热面传热熵产的影响曲线,分析了该锅炉各吹灰模式的利弊,提出了吹灰模式优化的建议.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.