煤粉炉内燃烧过程还原区强化脱硝试验研究

提出一种新型脱硝技术——多级强化还原煤粉燃烧技术,并在东方锅炉股份有限公司一台可实现煤粉自持燃烧的50 kW下行燃烧试验炉上开展了该技术的脱硝试验研究。采用再循环烟气携带还原抑制剂(尿素溶液或氨气)喷入强化还原区的方式进行强化脱硝。在空气分级的基础上,对两级燃尽风位置、还原抑制剂喷入位置、还原抑制剂的载气种类、还原抑制剂与烟气混合程度和氨氮比等影响脱硝效率的因素进行了研究。结果表明:在第一级燃尽风之前的还原区喷入尿素溶液,氨氮比为2时,脱硝效率可达20%左右;当在两级燃尽风之间的强化还原区喷入尿素溶液,氨氮比为2时,脱硝效率可达70%左右;氨气作为还原抑制剂时,随着氨氮比的增大,脱硝效率逐渐提高,当氨氮比在1.2～1.6时,脱硝效率稳定在70%左右,当氨氮比为2.5以上时脱硝效率达到80%以上。     

选择性非催化脱硝不同还原剂的比较试验研究

SNCR(选择性非催化还原)过程试验是在CRF(Combustjon Research Facility)试验装置上进行的.使用尿素、氨水、(NH4)2CO3、NH4HCO3还原烟气中的NOx,通过雾化喷嘴在CRF炉膛内喷入还原剂.试验结果表明,对于所使用的还原剂随着NH3/NO摩尔比的增加,NO还原效率逐渐提高;对于尿素、氨水、(NH4)2CO3等还原剂,氨氮比为1～2.5,脱硝效率分别为65％～89％、62％～86％、45％～84％;对于NH4HCO3,氨氮摩尔比0.8～1.5,脱硝效率为46％～73％.不同还原剂的温度窗口不同,适宜尿素进行SNCR过程的反应温度最高,氨水最低.     

非催化烟气还原脱硝法脱硝特性的试验研究

在沉降炉脱硝试验平台上,对不同氨剂的选择性非催化还原(SNCR)脱硝特性进行了试验研究.结果表明:反应适宜氨氮比为1.5,氨气、尿素、碳酸氢铵脱硝的最佳温度窗口分别为985～1 030℃、775～1 085℃、760～1 075℃,尿素和碳酸氢铵最大脱硝效率达90%,优于氨气的80%;增大氨氮比或降低烟气氧浓度均可提高SNCR脱硝效率;在以尿素作为还原剂的SNCR脱硝反应过程中,协同加入钠盐添加剂可在保证最大脱硝效率基本不变的前提下,使反应温度窗口由782.9～1 086.3℃拓宽为749.5～1 086.3℃.     

基于低氮燃烧的循环流化床低温增效脱硝实验研究

为探究循环流化床（CFB）锅炉的低NOx排放性能，在热输入功率为81.3 kW的CFB热态实验台上研究了燃煤平均粒径与二次风对NOx原始生成量的影响，考察了以碳酸氢铵为还原剂，以碳酸钠和乙醇为添加剂的选择性非催化还原（SNCR）低温脱硝增效性能。结果表明：随燃煤平均粒径的减小，NOx生成量降低；提高二次风比例及二次风口位置可降低NOx生成量；以碳酸氢铵为还原剂的SNCR法在氨氮摩尔比为1.7时脱硝效率达到65.2%，还原剂利用率达到峰值；在650~800 ℃的低温范围内，添加碳酸钠较无添加剂工况的脱硝效率平均提升24.5个百分点，750 ℃时的脱硝效率提升34.8个百分点；添加乙醇后的低温区效率平均提升28.2个百分点，温度低于700 ℃时增效性能优于添加碳酸钠工况；添加剂主要通过自由基链式反应提升SNCR法的低温脱硝性能。     

催化裂化烟气排放控制技术现状及面临问题的分析

国内催化裂化装置再生烟气SOx、NOx排放限值相关的国家政策以及国家标准、地方标准日益严格,催化裂化烟气脱NOx即将纳入强制执行规范.介绍了国内催化裂化烟气的特点、相关排放标准以及主要的污染物排放控制技术的特点和发展现状.当催化原料油硫含量在0.12％～0.50％时,宜采用脱SOx助剂技术;在0.25％～1.50％时,宜采用洗涤脱SOx技术;在0.75％～3.00％时,宜采用回收法脱SOx技术.SCR工艺被证明是应用最多且NOx脱除效率最高、最为成熟的脱NOx技术.分析了主流脱SOx、脱NOx技术的工程方面问题:钠碱洗涤法脱SOx技术面临消耗碱和含盐污水排放的问题;钠钙双碱法脱SOx技术则面临脱硫石膏质量和CO2排放的问题;臭氧氧化法(LoTOxTM)脱NOx技术面临电耗量大和臭氧成本高的问题;海水洗涤法受地域制约且不能处理高含硫烟气;使用脱SOx、脱NOx助剂也有一定局限性.展望了资源化烟气脱SOx、选择性催化还原脱NOx、一体化催化烟气脱除有害污染物的应用前景.     

利用Ir-ZSM5分子筛催化剂控制稀燃汽油机NOx排放的试验研究

为控制汽油机稀燃NOx排放，对Ir-ZSM5分子筛催化剂在实际稀燃排气条件下进行了试验研究．试验结果表明，应用Ir-ZSM5催化剂，可以实现CO对稀燃NOx的选择催化还原反应．在空燃比为15～20时，空速为30000／h时，NOx最高转化效率可达50％～80％，并且具有较宽的高活性温度窗口．随着空燃比的增加，NOx转化效率减小．Ir-ZSM5催化剂对HC、CO也可以实现较高的转化率，有望应用于当量空燃比条件，从而降低空燃比控制精度．该催化剂尤其适合稀燃汽油机的需要．     

有机化学实验室废液焚烧NOx、SO2和HCl的排放特性

在内径120mm、高2m的流化床中焚烧处理有机化学实验室废液，研究在800～950℃烟气中氧浓度在0～12％范围内NOx、SO2以及HCl的排放特性．结果表明，废液中有机胺类化合物及微量硝酸在焚烧过程中产生NOx，其浓度最大值约130mg／m^3,试验中发现950℃下NOx浓度低于900℃时的值，说明胺类有机物在950℃下还原NOx能力比900℃下强烈．焚烧过程中产生的SO2来源于有机硫化物及微量硫酸的分解，结果表明氧浓度接近零时SO2浓度最高，在此条件下温度越高，SO2浓度越高，但随着氧浓度的增加，SO2浓度迅速下降．HCl主要来源于有机氯化物的分解，在800～950℃下HCl浓度基本相同，说明有机氯基本上转化为HCl．     

水合肼净化烟气NOx过程的影响因素分析

采用反应动力学和计算流体力学软件对水合肼还原高温烟气中NOx过程进行了模拟计算。根据模拟结果分析了烟气温度、N2H4／NO摩尔比、烟气中氧含量、停留时间、烟气中NO初始浓度以及水合肼溶液的浓度对NO净化效率的影响。分析结果发现：N2H4／NO摩尔比取0．8,使用质量分数为5％浓度的水合肼溶液喷加到1023K的烟气中并且保证停留时间尽量长,可以取得最好的NO净化效果。分析结果可以为实际操作提供指导。     

火电厂脱硝技术与工程应用简述

选择性催化还原(SCR)是在有催化剂的情况下，将氨喷人锅炉尾部烟气中，与NOx反应，使NOx还原成N2。由于催化剂的不同，SCR的温度要求也不同，可反应温度在150～550℃的范围。催化剂以金属氧化物最普遍，常用的是Ti02负载V205-WO3(MoO3)。对于燃煤锅炉，SCR的工作温度在300～400，NOx脱除率可以达到90％以上。     

选择性催化还原脱除氮氧化物催化剂研究进展

氮氧化物(NOx)是造成雾霾、酸雨和次生臭氧的主要前驱物.选择性催化还原(SCR)法是目前最具有研究价值和应用前景的烟气脱硝技术,在一定温度下可将烟气中的NOx还原为无害的N2和H2O,催化剂是SCR技术的核心.文中从不同种类的催化剂活性组分角度,综述了近年来SCR催化剂的研究进展.重点讨论了贵金属、分子筛以及金属氧化...     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

The Solar Office in context

The goal of sustainability in buildings can only hope to be realised if buildings are designed to both conserve and generate energy. The Solar Office at Doxford International is designed to minimise the use of energy while its external fabric is designed to replace such energy that is used. The recently completed building is now subject of a comprehensive monitoring programme. The programme covers both the performance of the 73 kW_p photovoltaic installation and the environmental conditions within the building as a whole. Hour by hour findings are posted on a dedicated web site. Photovoltaics could have the same impact on building form and layout as the invention of the passenger lift at the end of the last century.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Hydrogen recovery from the photovoltaic electroflocculation-flotation process for harvesting Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae

In this paper, an integrated process using photovoltaic power to harvest microalgae by electro-flocculation (EF) and hydrogen recovery is presented. It is mainly favorable in regions with high solar radiation. The electro-flocculation efficiency (EFE) of Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae was investigated using various types of electrodes (aluminum, iron, zinc, copper and a non-sacrificial electrode of carbon). The best results regarding the EFE, and biomass contamination were achieved with aluminum and carbon electrodes where the electrical energy demand of the process for harvesting 1 kg of algae biomass was 0.28 and 0.34 kWh, respectively, while the energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 0.052 and 0.005 kWh kg^?1, respectively. The highest harvesting efficiency of 95.83 ± 0.87% was obtained with the aluminum electrode.The experimental hydrogen yields obtained were comparable with those calculated from theory. With a low net energy demand, microalgae EF may be a useful and low-cost technology.