流化床焚烧技术在处理实验室有机废液中的应用

实验室有机废液具有量少、浓度高、成分复杂，舍有大量有毒有害物质的特点，目前主要从下水道排入水体，对生态环境和人体健康构成威胁。文中提出采用流化床燃烧技术对实验室有机废液进行无害化处理。研制成功了小型流化床焚烧炉与尾气净化一体化装置。焚烧温度可控制在800℃～950℃任一温度下，采用炉内脱氮与尾气洗涤净化相结合，以尿素为脱硝剂，在NH2／NOx）(摩力比等于2．5时．可脱去60％的氮氧化物；以NaOH水溶液为洗涤液，pH=11．85时，SO2，HCl吸收率分别可达到87％利97％。从而使尾气中NOx，SO2，HCl，CO有害气体低于国家环保标准，燃烧效率大于99．9％。     

城市生活垃圾堆肥剩余物的燃烧特性及其焚烧处理

生活垃圾综合处理厂在堆肥过程中产生堆肥剩余物,占总垃圾量的10%～20%,热值较高适于焚烧处理.文章对城市生活垃圾堆肥剩余物的组成、工业分析及元素分析进行分析研究,表明该类堆肥剩余物具有热能回收利用价值.采用TGA方法研究垃圾堆肥剩余物的燃烧特性,结果表明,垃圾的燃烧过程包括水分析出、挥发分燃烧和焦炭燃烧三段进行.挥发分在320℃左右剧烈燃烧,焦炭在420～450℃左右开始强烈燃烧,燃尽温度达750℃左右.在实际流化床焚烧炉上焚烧结果表明,垃圾堆肥剩余物能够在800～950℃内稳定燃烧,并且NOx、SO2、CO、HCl以及重金属等污染物的排放浓度达到国家环保排放标准.为了减少焚烧飞灰量,建议采用炉排炉焚烧此类垃圾,以降低飞灰的处置成本.     

NOx和SO2在污泥气化焚烧处理中的排放特性

在自行研制的气化-焚烧装置上进行一系列的相关实验．通过系统的实验来研究不同工况下污泥气化焚烧后烟气中SO2和NOx的排放特性，并在实验基础上结合相关理论知识对其进行分析，为工业化应用提供参考．实验表明，焚烧后的NOx和SO2的排放浓度较低．标准状况下，NOx的最高排放浓度为243．75mg／m^3，SO2的最高排放浓度为167．191mg／m^3，均远低于国家规定的排放标准，表明气化．焚烧两段处理是一种洁净的污泥处理技术，具有一定的实用价值．     

流化床垃圾焚烧炉中NOx的排放特性试验研究

在哈尔滨垃圾发电厂流化床垃圾焚烧炉上进行NOx的排放特性试验研究,得到了垃圾特性、燃烧温度、烟气中氧浓度、尿素喷射量等因素对排烟中NOx排放浓度的影响规律.试验结果表明,随着垃圾中有机物含量及燃烧温度的增加,NOx排放浓度增加;随着烟气中氧浓度(＜7%～8%)的增加,NOx排放浓度也相应增加,进一步增加空气量,NOx排放浓度开始缓慢下降.在850～900℃下喷尿素水溶液进行脱氮试验研究,发现NOx排放浓度不但没有降低反而比不喷尿素时增高,说明尿素中的有机氮被氧化为NOx,造成总NOx排放浓度增加.在正常燃烧工况下,排气中NOx浓度一般小于150mg/m3.此研究结果对流化床垃圾焚烧炉运行具有指导作用.     

油页岩干馏废水流化床焚烧过程中NO_x和SO_2的排放特性

在一座热输入功率为90 kW的鼓泡流化床焚烧试验装置上进行油页岩干馏废水焚烧试验,考察床温、过剩空气系数、一二次风比和Ca/S比对排烟中NOx和SO2浓度的影响.结果表明:由于废水中氨氮含量较高,焚烧时随着床温的升高,NOx的排放浓度呈现先下降后上升的趋势,而非广泛接受的单调上升的规律,SO2的排放浓度呈上升趋势;随着过量空气系数的升高,NOx的排放浓度呈先下降后上升的趋势,SO2的排放浓度呈下降趋势;随着二次风率的升高,NOx的排放浓度呈下降趋势,SO2的排放浓度呈上升趋势;随着Ca/S比的升高,NOx的排放浓度先上升后下降,SO2的排放浓度逐渐下降.本次试验各工况下NOx的排放浓度范围为104.2～257.9 mg/m3;SO2的排放浓度范围为36.7 ～179.8 mg/m3,均满足国家排放标准.     

竹园污泥焚烧污染物排放特性的试验研究

选取上海竹园污泥,将原始污泥样品分为全干污泥、均匀干化污泥(含水率10%)和干湿混合污泥(含水率20%,干湿污泥质量比例为10∶3)三种样品,分别送入小型流化床焚烧炉中焚烧。试验研究了全干污泥在750℃、850℃、950℃三个工况下的燃烧特性,并研究了均匀干化污泥和干湿混合污泥在850℃工况下的燃烧特性。研究发现,上海竹园污泥在小型流化床焚烧炉中燃烧时,排放的主要常规污染物包括CO、SO2、NOx、HCl等以及二噁英和Cd、Hg、Pb等重金属。不同燃烧温度和含水率对污染物的排放有一定影响,提高燃烧温度,CO、SO2、NOx、HCl等的排放基本呈现出下降趋势,而烟气中Pb的排放随着温度上升而升高,相同燃烧温度下含水率升高能降低二噁英的排放总量,随着含水率的提高飞灰中重金属含量有所降低,而底渣中重金属含量呈上升趋势。     

城市生活垃圾_MSW_与煤混烧过程中气体污染物的排放

人者在0．2MW循环流化床上进行了城市生活垃圾与煤混烧实验。在线测量了NOx,NO,N2O,SO4,HCl和Cl2排放浓度，探讨了城市生活垃圾与煤掺煤比（R）和温度对气体污染物排放的影响。实验结果显示，在混烧过程中，随拉圾加入量的增加，NOx,NO,N2O和SO4排放量减少，Cl2排放浓度啬 。当掺烧比R不变，温度增加时，NOx，NO排放量增加，N2O排放减少，SO2，HCl和Cl2排放浓度基本不变，飞灰和底渣中二恶英含量减少。     

流化床中焚烧有机废液的热力特性分析

建立了以煤为辅助燃料，有机废液在流化床中焚烧密相区及稀相区的热平衡方程，在此基础上计算获得废液在密相区的焚烧量占总处理量的份额，密相区焚烧温度，炉膛膛出口温度的影响关系曲线。计算结果表明：废液在密相区焚烧量占总焚烧量的70%时，可使密相区温度与炉膛出口温度基本一致的；密相区温度宜控制在850℃～900℃，可节省辅助燃料；炉膛出口空气过剩系数宜控制在1.7以内，同时尽可能提高预热空气温度。此结果为流化床焚烧炉的设计与运行提供理论依据。     

流化床垃圾焚烧有害气体排放特性研究

流化床目前是焚烧垃圾的有效方法 ,由于垃圾成分复杂 ,在焚烧过程中产生了许多有害气体 ,通过模拟垃圾在流化床中进行试验 ,揭示了CO、SO2 、NO、HCl随温度和过量空气系数变化的规律。通过试验发现 ,垃圾与煤掺烧比不变时 ,温度增加 ,CO排放减少 ,NO、SO2 、HCl排放浓度提高。随着过量空气系数的增加 ,CO、HCl减少 ,NO、SO2 增加。依据有害气体排放控制的新进展 ,探讨了控制流化床垃圾焚烧时有害气体排放的最佳运行参数 ,温度为 80 0～ 1 0 0 0℃ ,过量空气系数为 1 .5～ 2。     

富氧气氛下循环流化床煤燃烧试验研究

在O2／CO2气氛和O2／N2气氛下，对氧浓度为21％～35％的循环流化床进行了煤燃烧的试验研究，比较了不同气氛下的煤燃烧特性和炉内温度分布以及NOx、NO2的排放规律和脱硫效率．试验显示富氧气氛下煤能够稳定燃烧，循环回路通畅；给煤量一定，随着试验气氛中氧含量的增加，燃烧效率逐渐增高．O2／CO2气氛下的燃烧效率略低于相同氧含量的O2／N2气氛下的燃烧效率；随着试验气氛中氧含量的增加，NOx排放量增加，SO2排放量略有减小，石灰石脱硫效率略有提高．     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.