改造前后凝汽器性能的数值模拟与分析

对某厂330 MW机组凝汽器改造前向心形管束布置和改造后TEPEE两山峰形管束布置的壳侧汽相流动与传热进行了数值模拟与比较.结果表明:改造前凝汽嚣结构设计不合理,上部管束得不到充分利用,导致凝汽器性能差;改造后TEPEE两山峰形管束布置使压降分布均匀,传热系数增大,更有利于凝汽器壳侧蒸汽的流动与传热.改造前后的性能试验结果表明:采用TEPEE两山峰形管束布置方式的凝汽器,其性能指标达到设计值,优于向心形管束布置方式;改造后凝汽器真空比改造前提高了1.743 kPa,端差下降4.63 K.     

空气含量和水侧污垢对凝汽器传热系数影响的数值分析

以N12180凝汽器为例,采用自行编制的程序数值计算了空气浓度和污垢对凝汽器汽侧传热系数、冷却管壁导热系数以及平均传热系数的影响,分析了空气与污垢对传热过程的影响机理。结果表明：凝汽器进口空气浓度从0增加到0．01％时,凝汽器平均传热系数降低30％;0．5mm的污垢厚度将使冷却管壁的导热系数降低98％,凝汽器平均传热系数降低85％。     

管束布置对凝汽器性能影响的数值模拟分析

应用STAR-CD软件和自定义子程序,针对AT型、向心型、帽型和山型4种管束布置类型的凝汽器进行数值模拟,计算得到壳侧蒸汽的速度、压力、空气浓度、凝结率以及总传热系数等参数的分布情况,综合分析冷却管束的布置对于凝汽器产品工作性能的影响。     

凝汽器蒸汽流场对管束布置修正系数的影响

凝汽器蒸汽流场的变化使其传热系数和汽阻发生变化,传热系数和汽阻的改变使凝汽器管束布置修正系数随着负荷变化,分析了管束布置修正系数随蒸汽流场的变化而变化,提出了管束布置修正系数随蒸汽流场变化的范围。     

大功率汽轮机凝汽器汽相流动与传热特性的数值分析

介绍凝汽器汽相流场与传热特性的数值计算方法及算例分析。该计算方法采用多孔介质模型，以分布阻力和分布质量汇分别模拟冷却管束区的蒸汽流动阻力和凝结效应，利用控制容积积分法及解压力耦合方程的半隐式方法数值求解控制方程组，得出汽相速度、温度、压力、空气浓度、传热系数及热负荷等重要参数的分布。经试验研究表明，该方法能较好地预测凝汽器的工作特性以及管束布置对汽相流场和传热特性的影响。图９参８。     

管束模块位置对凝汽器性能影响的研究

采用数值模拟方法研究了某双管束模块凝汽器壳侧的蒸汽流动、传热情况,定量分析、比较了不同管束模块布置位置对于凝汽器性能的影响。结果表明将管束模块对称地布置于凝汽器中心位置时,凝汽器性能并非最佳,将管束模块往壳壁方向稍做偏移可能会获得较低的凝汽器压力。论文工作为凝汽器的工程设计提供有益的思路和参考。     

基于冷却水流速分布模拟的凝汽器性能数值分析

冷却水流速是影响凝汽器性能的主要因素之一,为了实现基于冷却水流速实际分布的凝汽器性能模拟,借鉴多孔介质的阻力源项加载思想提出了基于冷却管入口实体建模的凝汽器水侧流动计算模型,以某600MW火电机组的低压凝汽器为例,在设计工况下对该凝汽器水侧流动进行了数值模拟,获得了凝汽器水侧管束截面上的冷却水流速分布,并基于上述冷却水流速分布的模拟结果,分别数值计算了冷却水流速均匀分布和不均匀分布两种情况下凝汽器汽侧的蒸汽流动,获得了相应情况下的凝汽器性能。计算结果表明：对于本文研究的凝汽器,基于多孔介质模型和基于冷却管入口实体建模的凝汽器水侧流动模拟得到的管束截面上的冷却水流速分布在流动细节上存在差异;冷却水流速均匀分布和不均匀分布两种情况下获得的凝汽器性能有差异,凝汽器压力相差10.9Pa,总平均传热系数相差12.6W/（m²·K）。建议对于冷却水流速不均匀分布比较严重的情况,在研究凝汽器性能时考虑冷却水流速不均匀分布的影响。     

1000MW火电机组凝汽器内乏汽流动与传热特性数值分析

管束布置对1000MW火电机组大型凝汽器的运行效率有着至关重要的影响,基于分布阻力和分布质量汇的多孔介质模型,对1000MW火电机组改进外围带状管束凝汽器建立了二维数值模型,研究了管束布置对壳侧流场、流速、空气质量分数和传热系数分布的影响,分析了壳侧压降、体积抽气量和不凝结率等参数随背压的变化规律。数值计算结果表明:该管束布置凝汽器空冷区冷却效果较好,但管束模块顶部和中部存在较多的局部涡流,导致传热系数下降,可通过优化设计顶部和中部的辅助进汽通道进一步降低背压,实现各管束模块负荷的均匀性。     

330MW机组凝汽器改造的数值模拟及性能分析

潍坊电厂330MW机组的凝汽器改造前存在着真空低和水质变差导致铜管泄漏趋势加重的现象,严重地影响了机组的经济性、安全性和带负荷能力。采用TEPEE两山峰形管束布置方式对凝汽器进行改造,利用数值模拟的方法计算了改造后凝汽器壳侧的汽相流动与传热特性,并用改造前后的性能试验结果进行了验证。模拟结果表明:改造后的TEPEE两山峰形管束布置方式有利于凝汽器壳侧蒸汽的流动与传热。性能试验结果表明:在设计冷却水进口温度、流量、凝汽器热负荷相同的条件下,改造后的凝汽器真空比改造前提高1.743kPa,端差下降4.63℃;凝汽器改造后,试验端差和修正后端差、修正后的凝汽器压力、循环水温升都达到设计指标。     

再析N_11220_1型凝汽器热力特性与改造措施

利用自行开发的最新凝汽器数值模拟软件PPOC3．0对国产的N-11220-1型电站凝汽器设计工况的热力特性重新进行了数值计算和分析。针对该型凝汽器存在汽阻较大这一问题而进行了多次数值模拟，实验表明，造成凝汽器壳侧汽阻较大的主要原因是凝汽器蒸汽通道的布置不合理。然后，通过进一步数值计算和分析，对已投运的该型凝汽器进行了改造，要么加大凝汽器管束周围蒸汽通道的尺寸，要么更换新型更先进的管束才能有效改善其运行性能。     

Effect of Cooling Water Flow Path on the Flow and Heat Transfer in a 660 MW Power Plant Condenser

The effect of the cooling water flow path on the flow and heat transfer in a double tube-pass condenser for a 660 MW power plant unit was numerically investigated based on a porous medium model. The results were used to analyze the streamline, velocity, air mass fraction and heat transfer coefficient distributions. The simulations indicate that the cooling water flow path is important in large condensers. For the original tube arrangement, the heat transfer with the lower-upper cooling water flow path is better than that with the upper-lower cooling water flow path. The reason is that the steam cannot flow into the internal of upper tube bundle and the air fractions are higher in the upper tube bundle with the upper-lower cooling water flow path. An improvement tube arrangement was developed for the upper-lower cooling water flow path which reduced the back pressure by 0.47 kPa compared to the original scheme. Thus, the results show that the tube arrangements should differ for different cooling water flow paths and the condenser heat transfer can be improved for the upper-lower cooling water flow path by modifying the tube arrangement.     

不可凝气体对大扁管空冷凝汽器性能的影响分析

为了研究不可凝气体(non-condensable gases, NCG)对火电与光热发电机组上广泛使用的大扁管空冷凝汽器性能的影响,以工程机组凝汽器上普遍应用的通流面积220 mm×20 mm的大扁管为研究对象,针对汽轮机典型工况下的实际蒸汽流量,基于Lee相变方程、VOF方法以及组分扩散模型,对蒸汽与NCG混合气体管内两相流凝结换热进行数学建模与数值计算。结果表明：由于大扁管的狭窄通流几何结构与高蒸汽流量,NCG对管内蒸汽凝结的抑制效果要远低于预期;当入口空气质量分数按2%增加时,凝结管凝结换热系数仅下降2%左右,这与NCG导致低流量圆管凝结性能急剧下降的结论不同;空气正常泄漏不会导致空冷凝汽器性能下降而影响发电机组效率。     

Dropwise Condensation Heat Transfer on Plasma-Ion-Implanted Small Horizontal Tube Bundles

Stable dropwise condensation of saturated steam was achieved on stainless-steel tube bundles implanted with nitrogen ions by plasma ion implantation. For the investigation of the condensation heat transfer enhancement by plasma ion implantation, a condenser was constructed in order to measure the heat flow and the overall heat transfer coefficient for the condensation of steam on the outside surface of tube bundles. For a horizontal tube bundle of nine tubes implanted with a nitrogen ion dose of 10¹⁶ cm^{? 2}, the enhancement ratio, which represents the ratio of the overall heat transfer coefficient of the implanted tube bundle to that of the unimplanted one, was found to be 1.12 for a cooling-water Reynolds number of about 21,000. The heat flow and the overall heat transfer coefficient were increased by increasing the steam pressure. The maximum overall heat transfer coefficient of 2.22 kW · m^?2· K^?1 was measured at a steam pressure of 2 bar and a cooling-water Reynolds number of about 2,000. At these conditions, more dropwise condensation was formed on the upper tube rows, while the lowest row received more condensate, which converted the condensation form to filmwise condensation.     

火电站直接空冷凝汽器积灰监测

火电站直接空冷凝汽器积灰是影响传热性能的重要因素,研究直接空冷凝汽器积灰对传热性能的影响规律并提出监测措施具有重要意义。通过分析汽轮机背压与汽轮机排汽量、冷却空气流量、凝汽器传热系数、凝汽器总传热面积以及环境温度之间的关系,得到了空冷凝汽器在维持汽轮机排汽量和冷却空气量不变时,汽轮机背压和传热系数之间的关系以及凝汽器积灰对汽轮机背压的影响。研究表明:凝汽器积灰会导致凝汽器传热系数降低,汽轮机背压升高,机组运行经济性下降。设计工况下,当蛇形翅片扁平管结构凝汽器积灰厚度达到1.2 mm时,汽轮机背压将增加50%左右。通过监测空冷机组运行过程中汽轮机背压的变化,可预报积灰的程度,为直接空冷凝汽器清洗提供一定的理论依据。     

Complete condensation in a vertical tube passive condenser

An experimental study is performed for the steam condensation in a vertical tube where steam is completely condensed. A condenser tube is submerged in a water pool where the heat from the condenser tube is removed through boiling heat transfer. The experiment data showed that the operating pressure is uniquely determined by inlet steam flow rate for the complete condensation. The condensation heat transfer rate increases and the condensation heat transfer coefficient decreases with the system pressure. For the condenser submerged in a saturated water pool, strong primary pressure dependency was observed on the condensation heat transfer.     

Comparison of power plant steam condenser heat transfer models for on-line condition monitoring

In this paper heat transfer models for large power plant condenser were examined. The goal was to develop a model capable of predicting not only the condenser pressure but the overall heat transfer coefficient. Such a model can be used for condenser condition monitoring. The results of a two-dimensional (2-D) condenser heat transfer model and single-point, zero-dimensional (0-D) model are presented together with the results from Heat Exchanger Institute (HEI) standards curves. Both 0-D and 2-D models can account for the effects of steam-side pressure drop and in a simplified manner also some effects of tube bundle geometry. For all models an experimental correction as a function of cooling water temperature was implemented to improve their accuracy. The results are presented in comparison with the measured plant data for three different tube bundle geometries, with and without the experimental correction factor. The 2-D model proved to be the most consistently accurate of the models both without the correction, and at varying steam and coolant flow with the correction applied. The results indicate significant local variation of pressure drop related effects, which the 0-D model failed to accurately predict particularly in cases of close temperature approach. In predicting the heat transfer coefficient the HEI model was the least accurate, significantly overestimating the impact of coolant flow rate change, and failing to match the measurements even with a correction applied.     

Performance of flow and heat transfer in vertical helical baffle condensers

The feed water heaters in power plants are actually the condensers using turbine extracting steam to heat feed water. The vertical feed water heater occupies less area than the horizontal one and convenient to lift tube bundles out in maintenance. However, the lower heat transfer coefficient due to thick condensate film limits its application. A novel trisection helical baffled vertical condenser (feed water heater) is proposed with liquid dams and gaps for facilitating condensate drainage. The flow and condensation heat transfer characters of two vertical condensers with variable angled trisection helical baffles of both single-thread and dual-threads and a variable spanned segmental baffled one were numerically studied with Mixture model of Fluent software. The distributions of velocity, pressure, volume fraction of condensate, and local heat transfer coefficient in these heat exchangers were demonstrated. The simulation results show that the inclined baffles with liquid dam and drainage gaps could drain condensate effectively from tube bundle surfaces and prevent liquid film from entraining into vapor, and that the variable angled trisection helical baffled vertical condenser with dual-threads could greatly improve the condensation heat transfer coefficient up to 35.7% higher than that of the variable spanned segmental baffled one.     

Effect of an interfacial shear stress on steam condensation in the presence of a noncondensable gas in a vertical tube

Experimental and analytical studies were performed to examine local condensation heat transfer coefficients in the presence of a noncondensable gas inside a vertical tube. The experimental data for pure steam and steam/nitrogen mixture bypass modes were compared to study the effects of noncondensable nitrogen gas on annular film condensation phenomena. The condenser tube had a relatively small inner diameter of 13 mm. The experimental results demonstrated that the local heat transfer coefficients increased as the inlet steam flow rate increased and the inlet nitrogen mass fraction decreased. The results obtained using steam/nitrogen mixtures with a low inlet nitrogen mass fraction were similar to those obtained using pure steam. Therefore, the effects of noncondensable gas on steam condensation were weak in the small-diameter condenser tube because of interfacial shear stress. A new correlation based on dimensionless shear stress and noncondensable gas mass fraction variables was developed to evaluate the condensation heat transfer coefficient inside a vertical tube with noncondensable gas, irrespective of the condenser tube diameter. A theoretical model using a heat and mass transfer analogy and simple models using four empirical correlations were developed and compared with the experimental data obtained under various experimental conditions. The predictions of the theoretical model and the simple model based on a new correlation were in good agreement with the experimental results.