凝汽器管束布置修正系数随负荷变化的数值计算

讨论了凝汽器管束布置修正系数随负荷变化的数值计算方法。以某台300MW机组凝汽器为对象,利用HEI公式和别尔曼公式的蒸汽负荷修正系数,进行了基于凝汽器设计标准的变工况下传热系数k_t的计算和变工况设计压力的核算;采用数值模拟方法,以凝汽器压力等于变工况下设计压力的核算值为原则来确定计算工况,提取凝汽器的实际传热系数k_n,以保证k_t和k_n的计算条件除管束布置外其它热力条件完全一致。计算工作得到了管束布置修正系数随蒸汽负荷变化的规律。     

凝汽器蒸汽流场对管束布置修正系数的影响

凝汽器蒸汽流场的变化使其传热系数和汽阻发生变化,传热系数和汽阻的改变使凝汽器管束布置修正系数随着负荷变化,分析了管束布置修正系数随蒸汽流场的变化而变化,提出了管束布置修正系数随蒸汽流场变化的范围。     

凝汽器管束布置传热效果评价方法的探讨

通过对包头电厂实测数据的分析,对传统的评价凝汽器管束布置修正系数的方法进行了改进,根据试验结果分析并讨论了管束布置修正系数随负荷变化的规律,同时,通过对凝汽器总体传热系数的分析,提出了一种新的评价凝汽器管束布置传热效果的方法。     

凝汽器管束布置修正系数的进一步探讨

通过对邢台电厂实测数据的分析，对传统的评价凝汽器管束布置修正系数的方法进行了改进，并根据试验结果，分析并讨论了管束布置修正系数随负荷变化的规律。     

330MW机组凝汽器改造的数值模拟及性能分析

潍坊电厂330MW机组的凝汽器改造前存在着真空低和水质变差导致铜管泄漏趋势加重的现象,严重地影响了机组的经济性、安全性和带负荷能力。采用TEPEE两山峰形管束布置方式对凝汽器进行改造,利用数值模拟的方法计算了改造后凝汽器壳侧的汽相流动与传热特性,并用改造前后的性能试验结果进行了验证。模拟结果表明:改造后的TEPEE两山峰形管束布置方式有利于凝汽器壳侧蒸汽的流动与传热。性能试验结果表明:在设计冷却水进口温度、流量、凝汽器热负荷相同的条件下,改造后的凝汽器真空比改造前提高1.743kPa,端差下降4.63℃;凝汽器改造后,试验端差和修正后端差、修正后的凝汽器压力、循环水温升都达到设计指标。     

再析N_11220_1型凝汽器热力特性与改造措施

利用自行开发的最新凝汽器数值模拟软件PPOC3．0对国产的N-11220-1型电站凝汽器设计工况的热力特性重新进行了数值计算和分析。针对该型凝汽器存在汽阻较大这一问题而进行了多次数值模拟，实验表明，造成凝汽器壳侧汽阻较大的主要原因是凝汽器蒸汽通道的布置不合理。然后，通过进一步数值计算和分析，对已投运的该型凝汽器进行了改造，要么加大凝汽器管束周围蒸汽通道的尺寸，要么更换新型更先进的管束才能有效改善其运行性能。     

基于HEI和ASME PTC方法凝汽器性能计算分析及应用

介绍了两种常用的凝汽器传热性能修正计算方法,H EI法和ASME PTC12.2法(简称:HEI法和PTC法),并借助凝汽器变工况试验数据对两种方法进行了验证。结果表明,HEI法基于大量的凝汽器模型实验数据归纳而来,当凝汽器管束布置与HEI管束布置差异较大时,仍采用此法计算将会带来较大的误差。PTC法遵循凝汽器传热机理——四层传热热阻,无论凝汽器设计怎么变化,不会超出传热机理的范畴,故PTC法比HEI法更适用于新型凝汽器的变工况计算。     

管束模块位置对凝汽器性能影响的研究

采用数值模拟方法研究了某双管束模块凝汽器壳侧的蒸汽流动、传热情况,定量分析、比较了不同管束模块布置位置对于凝汽器性能的影响。结果表明将管束模块对称地布置于凝汽器中心位置时,凝汽器性能并非最佳,将管束模块往壳壁方向稍做偏移可能会获得较低的凝汽器压力。论文工作为凝汽器的工程设计提供有益的思路和参考。     

凝汽器管壁清洁率及机组运行经济性分析

凝汽器是汽轮机组的重要组成部分,其运行效果影响整个机组的循环热效率。文中通过分析江苏华美热电有限公司机组运行时凝汽器的传热系数,计算求得凝汽器管束布置系数,进而求出凝汽器水侧清洁率。而水侧清洁程度会直接影响汽轮机的端差、背压和标准煤耗率。文中以江苏华美热电有限公司1#汽轮机运行参数为依据,计算得到其管束布置系数和不同负荷下的清洁率及机组经济性指标,该计算结果与实际测试结果基本吻合,这为电厂运行人员准确判断凝汽器管束清洁程度提供了可靠依据。     

改造前后凝汽器性能的数值模拟与分析

对某厂330 MW机组凝汽器改造前向心形管束布置和改造后TEPEE两山峰形管束布置的壳侧汽相流动与传热进行了数值模拟与比较.结果表明:改造前凝汽嚣结构设计不合理,上部管束得不到充分利用,导致凝汽器性能差;改造后TEPEE两山峰形管束布置使压降分布均匀,传热系数增大,更有利于凝汽器壳侧蒸汽的流动与传热.改造前后的性能试验结果表明:采用TEPEE两山峰形管束布置方式的凝汽器,其性能指标达到设计值,优于向心形管束布置方式;改造后凝汽器真空比改造前提高了1.743 kPa,端差下降4.63 K.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.