通过煤粉浓缩预热低NOx燃烧器实现高温空气燃烧技术的研究

以煤粉浓缩预热低NOx燃烧器(PRP)为例,说明了通过组织高温烟气回流快速预热低风煤比的一次风煤粉气流,可以在燃煤锅炉上实现具有高稳燃和低NOx排放性能的高温空气燃烧.工业试验和应用表明:PRP燃烧器特殊的预热室结构可以有效控制一次风粉的预热,快速加热煤粉颗粒并使之在达到燃烧器喷口时接近着火温度,因而具有优异的煤种适应性、低负荷稳燃能力和低NOx排放特性,是在燃煤锅炉上实现高温空气燃烧的一种良好的燃烧器.     

新型高效蓄热式燃烧系统设计研究

采用约束设计法,通过蓄热室烟气回收获得最大净效益时各参数的优化,研究设计出一套新型高效蓄热式燃烧系统。该燃烧系统燃烧能力为1．0MW,燃料采用焦炉煤气,蓄热体采用陶瓷球,燃烧器换向时间73S,烟气出口平均温度为110℃,预热空气出口平均温度为1110℃,蓄热室热效率和温度效率分别达到90．8％和92．47％。燃烧系统采用煤气和空气双预热,煤气、空气射流卷吸炉瞠内的烟气,实现低氧和低NOx燃烧。它对于开发适合我国国情的高效蓄热式燃烧系统具有重要意义。     

燃尽风喷口位置对NOx排放的影响

针对一台采用旋流式燃烧器的煤粉炉NOx排放质量浓度较高的问题,采用空气分级燃烧方式以降低NOx排放量,基于CFD软件平台,在额定负荷下,分别对3种不同燃尽风喷口位置的改造方案进行了炉内燃烧及污染物生成的数值模拟,并通过综合比较炉内各参数的变化确定了最佳燃尽风喷口位置．结果表明：燃尽风喷口位置的上移降低了主燃区氧气的体积分数,同时使炉膛内的最高温度降低了23～29K．燃尽风喷口位置对NO,的还原效果、出口烟气温度以及煤粉焦炭转化率的影响较大．当燃尽风喷口位置升高时,NOx质量浓度降低,炉膛出口烟气温度升高,煤粉焦炭转化率下降．经综合比较炉膛出口烟气温度、NOx质量浓度以及煤粉焦炭转化率得出,距最上层燃烧器7．7m处为最佳燃尽风喷口位置．     

煤粉预热燃烧原理分析与实验研究

针对我国电站用煤品质下降和煤质多变的现状,提出了煤粉预热燃烧的新型技术理念。该技术的核心是快速预热煤粉气流并保持恰当的风/粉比例,通过自动控制装置调节预燃室中的负压程度使得一次风粉射流卷吸适量高温烟气来预热煤粉气流帮助燃烧。     

1000MW超超临界锅炉燃烧调整的试验研究

对某电厂1000MW燃煤锅炉进行了燃烧优化调整试验,分析了一次风配风均匀性、煤粉细度、燃烧器配风、运行中氧的体积分数以及燃尽风率对锅炉效率的影响．结果表明：对同层燃烧器外二次风采用两端和中间开度大的配风方式可以改善由于大风箱两端进风引起的沿炉膛宽度方向氧气的体积分数偏差,随着炉内氧气的体积分数增加,锅炉的热效率先提高后降低．当氧气的体积分数在3．0％左右时,锅炉热效率达到最高．随着燃尽风率的逐渐降低,锅炉热效率和NOx排放质量浓度逐渐提高．综合考虑锅炉效率、NOx排放质量浓度以及屏式过热器管壁金属温度,在额定负荷下,燃尽风率以保持在25％左右为宜,此时锅炉热效率为93．9％,NOx排放质量浓度为306．1mg／m^3．     

分离燃尽风对贫煤锅炉CO和H2S生成特性的影响

以低氮燃烧改造后的某330 MW四角切圆贫煤锅炉为研究对象,采用数值模拟研究了300 MW负荷下分离燃尽风率对炉内燃烧速度场、温度场、CO体积分数场、O2体积分数场、H2S体积分数场及炉膛出口参数的影响,并将模拟结果与试验结果进行对比分析.结果 表明:分离燃尽风率对锅炉燃烧特性以及CO、H2S的生成特性具有重要影响;随着分离燃尽风率的增大,炉膛出口CO体积分数升高,出口NOx质量浓度降低;减小分离燃尽风率有利于抑制炉内高温腐蚀和结渣的发生;综合考虑锅炉运行安全性、经济性及NOx生成特性多种因素后,燃尽风率设置为25％较为合适.     

空气分级燃烧下NO_x生成特性的研究

利用数值模拟方法对空气分级燃烧下NOx的生成特性进行了研究,分析了燃烧器附近局部区域和炉膛整体区域NOx的反应速率,得到了不同燃尽风率下NOx的生成特性.结果表明:NOx主要产生于燃烧初期,当燃料与O2混合不充分时会发生NOx的还原反应;从炉膛整体来看,燃料型NOx的生成速率明显大于热力型NOx,主燃区和燃尽区均生成燃料型NOx,而热力型NOx几乎只在温度很高的主燃区生成,且对O2体积分数的敏感性弱于燃料型NOx;主燃区和燃尽区NOx反应速率的主要控制因素分别为O2体积分数和焦炭燃烧速率;燃尽风率增大,主燃区NOx生成速率和生成区域减小,还原区域增大,NOx排放质量浓度明显减小.     

低负荷烟气再循环对煤粉锅炉燃烧及NOx排放的影响

以某330 MW锅炉结构参数和低负荷运行参数为依据,针对低负荷下不同烟气循环率对炉膛内截面平均温度、O2体积分数、CO体积分数以及NOx排放质量浓度的影响进行模拟分析.结果表明:低负荷下采用一次风烟气再循环能有效降低锅炉NOx排放质量浓度;随着烟气循环率的提高,炉膛内截面平均温度逐渐降低,CO体积分数逐渐减小,NOx排放质量浓度降低;与无烟气再循环相比,烟气循环率为15％时NOx排放质量浓度降低67.88 mg/m3,NOx减排效率提高20.36％.     

660MW超超临界旋流对冲燃煤锅炉NOx分布数值模拟

利用AnsysFluent14．0软件对某电厂660MW超超临界旋流燃煤锅炉进行NOx生成规律的数值模拟,并将数值模拟结果与现场实际测量结果进行了比较．结果表明：数值模拟结果与现场实际测量结果吻合较好,验证了数值模拟结果的有效性;第1层燃烧器区域生成NOx的体积分数比其他2层高,燃烧器出口附近NOx的体积分数迅速升高到0．001;从第1层燃烧器开始沿炉膛高度方向,NOx体积分数逐渐降低,炉内NOx体积分数最高的区域位于后墙第2层燃烧器上方．     

600MW电站锅炉烟气含氧体积分数优化策略研究

以某600Mw燃煤机组为例,在调节烟气含氧体积分数的基础上,增加一次风配比、二次风配比和燃尽风风门开度调整试验,分析了烟气含氧体积分数对锅炉经济性的影响,并对烟气含氧体积分数进行优化,提出了有关优化策略．结果表明：在400Mw、500Mw和600Mw3种负荷下,最佳运行烟气含氧体积分数分别为3．8％、3．2％和2．3％,可以有效降低发电成本和风机电耗,提高锅炉整体热经济参数及降低NOx排放质量浓度,为锅炉安全运行和节能减排提供依据．     

旋流对天然气高温空气燃烧特性影响的数值模拟

以工业炉的高温空气燃烧技术应用为背景,对一个新型轴向旋流式单烧嘴燃烧室内天然气的高温空气燃烧特性进行了数值研究。采用数值模拟的方法研究了同心式轴向旋流燃烧器（HCASbumer）中螺旋肋片的旋转角度对燃烧特性的影响,其中湍流采用Reynolds应力模型,气相燃烧模拟采用β函数形式的PDF燃烧模型,采用离散坐标法模拟辐射换热过程,NOx模型为热力型与快速型。计算结果表明,对预热空气采用旋转射流时,能明显降低NOx生成量。对于HCAS型燃烧器,随着空气射流旋转角度的增大,燃烧室内的回流区域增大增强,降低了局部的氧体积分数分布,燃烧室中平均温度和最高温度都有所增加,且燃烬程度大幅度提高,而局部高温区缩小,只在靠近入口处出现。总的NOx排放量随着空气射流旋转角度的增大先减小,后增大。因此,适当调整肋片的旋转角度可以降低NOx生成量。     

Mechanism analysis on the pulverized coal combustion flame stability and NOx emission in a swirl burner with deep air staging

Low NOx burner and air staged combustion are widely applied to control NOx emission in coal-fired power plants. The gas-solid two-phase flow, pulverized coal combustion and NOx emission characteristics of a single low NOx swirl burner in an existing coal-fired boiler was numerically simulated to analyze the mechanisms of flame stability and in-flame NOx reduction. And the detailed NOx formation and reduction model under fuel rich conditions was employed to optimize NOx emissions for the low NOx burner with air staged combustion of different burner stoichiometric ratios. The results show that the specially-designed swirl burner structures including the pulverized coal concentrator, flame stabilizing ring and baffle plate create an ignition region of high gas temperature, proper oxygen concentration and high pulverized coal concentration near the annular recirculation zone at the burner outlet for flame stability. At the same time, the annular recirculation zone is generated between the primary and secondary air jets to promote the rapid ignition and combustion of pulverized coal particles to consume oxygen, and then a reducing region is formed as fuel-rich environment to contribute to in-flame NO_X reduction. Moreover, the NOx concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber is greatly reduced when the deep air staged combustion with the burner stoichiometric ratio of 0.75 is adopted, and the CO concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber can be maintained simultaneously at a low level through the over-fired air injection of high velocity to enhance the mixing of the fresh air with the flue gas, which can provide the optimal solution for lower NOx emission in the existing coal-fired boilers.     

花瓣燃烧器流场特性分析与研究

采用三维贴体坐标结构化网格,对复杂曲面形状的新型旋流燃烧器(花瓣燃烧器)进行了三维的流场数值实验.模拟了旋流的衰减过程,分析了花瓣燃烧器的流场特点;首次给出了旋流燃烧器回流区的立体形状图,直观地反映了回流区的特性;分析了普通旋流燃烧器和花瓣燃烧器的流场参数,并对掺混系数进行了对比;通过花瓣燃烧器流场特性的研究得出,花瓣燃烧器的回流区是由径向回流区和中心回流区融合构成,端部呈花瓣状,所形成的特殊流场能够使煤粉颗粒从燃烧器喷入炉内后,不是首先向外扩散,而是迅速地进入回流区,与高温烟气迅速混合,形成稳定热源,为煤粉着火燃烧提供了前提条件,具有良好的稳燃性能.     

污泥掺烧方式对燃煤锅炉燃烧影响的模拟研究

为了确保燃煤锅炉掺烧污泥后炉内燃烧安全稳定并控制NO_x的生成,以国内某典型1 000 MW超超临界燃煤锅炉为研究对象,利用CFD软件计算研究了不同的污泥掺烧方式对锅炉温度场和NO_x生成的影响。结果表明：在燃煤锅炉不同层的燃烧器掺烧污泥,掺烧污泥的燃烧器对应高度均出现了温度的下降和NO_x排放浓度的降低;随着污泥分别由下往上在B,D,F层燃烧器进行掺烧,在炉膛出口处烟温升高,NO_x排放浓度降低;在保持F层燃烧器总热值不变的情况下进行掺烧时,能保证锅炉整体温度水平,掺烧污泥比例越高,炉膛出口烟温越低,NO_x生成量越少;在F层燃烧器掺烧污泥燃烧效果较好,有利于NO_x减排,是最适合污泥掺烧的燃烧器层。     

甲烷/高温烟气稀释空气的Mild燃烧过程的数值研究

中低氧浓度稀释MILD燃烧与传统有焰燃烧方式相比,燃烧室内温度相对均匀,可以有效控制和降低NO_X等污染物排放。燃烧室内的烟气循环导致的混合气稀释程度、预热温度以及流场应变率对Mild燃烧过程有重要影响。通过对不同稀释和预热程度的一维层流对撞扩散火焰进行计算,研究了烟气回流稀释/预热形成的Mild燃烧情况。数值计算结果表明,Mild燃烧能很好的控制燃烧场的最高温度和反应放热速率,得到较为均匀的温度场,并因此降低产物中污染物的浓度。对不同预热温度、不同拉伸率下工况的计算证明了Mild燃烧能够扩展燃料的燃烧极限,Mild燃烧对流场等外部干扰的敏感度较小,燃烧稳定。     

Performance and Emission Analysis of a Novel Porous Radiant Burner for Domestic Cooking Application

Present study focuses on the performance and emission analysis of a novel porous radiant burner for domestic cooking application using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as fuel. The porous radiant burner (PRB) used here is a novel ceramic porous radiant burner which is designed and developed in the University laboratory for this present study. Two kinds of PRBs as circular porous radiant burner and square porous radiant burner have been developed and hence the thermal efficiency and emission analysis of these burners are tested for their performance. The test results are very encouraging as the thermal efficiency of the circular porous radiant burner and square porous radiant burner are much higher as compared to the conventional metallic burners or other types of burners. The emission characteristic also shows that the emission of CO and NOx values are much lesser than the conventional burner and are well within the world health organization standard. The experimental setup used here is a flexible one that contains PRBs, LPG cylinder, K- type thermocouple, data acquisition system, flue gas analyzer, Infrared camera and a computer. The maximum thermal efficiency obtained in that test for the PRB is about 72% which indicates its bright future prospect.     

增材制造技术在F级燃气轮机燃烧器开发中的应用

为了缩短重型燃气轮机燃烧器修复和低氮燃烧技术开发周期,打破F级重型燃气轮机热部件制造技术壁垒,基于增材制造技术,开发出了一套完整的F级燃气轮机燃烧器加工工艺,成功实现了标准产品旋流器的试制。在此基础上,利用增材制造技术生产的燃烧器,完成了在役燃气轮机燃烧器的服务修复;在新型低氮燃烧技术开发中成功试制出多款自主开发的新型低氮燃烧器,并通过了全温、全压、全尺寸实验验证;批量生产了产品级新型低氮燃烧器,贯通了F级重型燃气轮机燃烧器从设计开发到工艺开发的全部流程。实践表明,运用增材制造技术可助力企业在燃气轮机服务、研发和生产等方面实现快速创新。     

600MW超临界对冲燃烧锅炉CO和NOx排放特性的研究

采用现场试验研究和数值模拟的方法对布置前后墙对冲燃烧器的某600Mw超临界锅炉CO和NO,的排放特性进行了研究．结果表明：锅炉尾部烟气中CO质量浓度为500～2500mg／m3,当主燃烧区过量空气系数a,为0．86～0．90时,高于该锅炉低NO。排放的设计过量空气系数（0．80）,对应的燃尽风占二次风的比例约为27％～32％,NOx排放质量浓度出现拐点;锅炉的NOx排放特性与HT—NR3燃烧器的低NOx设计有关,并与该锅炉的CO排放特性呈负相关关系;在负荷为600Mw和总风量一定的工况下,当燃尽风比例从32％提高至49％时,CO排放质量浓度显著下降,飞灰可燃物浓度降低,氧气量对CO和NOx排放的影响明显减弱,但NOx排放质量浓度升高,主燃烧区侧墙高温腐蚀的风险增大．     

A combustion concept for oxyfuel processes with low recirculation rate – Experimental validation

Oxyfuel combustion is a technology for Carbon Capture & Storage from coal fired power plants. One drawback is the large necessary amount of recirculation of cold flue gases into the combustion chamber to avoid inadmissible high flame temperatures. The new concept of Controlled Staging with Non-stoichiometric Burners (CSNB) makes a reduction of the recirculation rate possible without inadmissible high flame temperatures. This reduction promises more compact boiler designs. We present in this paper experiments with the new combustion concept in a 3 × 70 kW natural gas combustion test rig with dry flue gas recirculation of 50% of the cold flue gases. The new concept was compared to a reference air combustion case and a reference oxyfuel combustion case with recirculation of 70% of the cold flue gases. FTIR emission spectroscopy measurements allowed the estimation of spectral radiative heat fluxes in the 2–5.5 μm range. The mixing of the gases in the furnace was good as the burnout and the emissions were comparable to the reference cases. The flame temperatures of the CSNB case could be controlled by the burner operation stoichiometry and were also similar to the reference cases. The heat flux in the furnace through radiation to the wall was higher compared to the oxyfuel reference case. This is an effect of the lowered recirculation rate as the mass flow out of the furnace and therefore the sensible heat leaving the furnace decreases. The higher oxygen consumption with lower recirculation rate could be compensated by a lower furnace stoichiometry. This was possible due to better burnout with increased oxygen concentrations in the burner. The results prove that a reduction of the flue gas recirculation rate in oxyfuel natural gas combustion from 70% down to 50% is possible while avoiding inadmissible high flame temperatures with the concept of Controlled Staging with Non-stoichiometric Burners.     

旋流燃烧器的稳燃及其结构优化分析

简要叙述了国内常见几种旋流燃烧器的稳燃措施，从燃烧器流场和煤粉颗粒运动轨迹的角度分析了对低挥发份煤燃烧稳定性的影响。介绍了新近研究的花瓣稳燃器及其流场特点。指出该稳燃器在加速煤粉气流与高温回流烟气之间的混合时，避免煤粉气流过早向二次风扩散，引导煤粉颗粒进入回流区，有利于燃用低挥发份煤和低负荷稳燃及降低NOx排放等。另外，还介绍了ABT公司最近推出的“弓形”低NOx燃烧器；最后，提出了旋流燃烧器，并提出了旋流燃烧器结构优化的建议。