核电高效紧凑新型蒸汽发生器设计研究

为了适应三代核电机组进一步提质增效的发展需求，在确保安全性的基础上，采用更加先进的技术、同时兼顾设计及制造技术的成熟性，研究设计了一款经济性更好、技术性能更先进的高效紧凑新型蒸汽发生器（ZH-J60型SG）。ZH-J60型SG设置了轴流式预热器和泥渣收集器，并改进设计了小型双级叶片汽水分离器。计算和分析表明，ZH-J60型SG提高了SG自然循环倍率，提升了整机功率重量比、出口蒸汽品质和运行可靠性，完全满足并在部分关键参数上超过第三代压水堆核电厂SG的水平。      

重离子径迹模板中组装半导体CdS一维纳米材料

用重离子辐照的聚碳酸酯为模板,采用电化学沉积法制备了半导体CdS纳米线和纳米管.通过选用不同蚀刻时间的模板,得到了直径20～100 nm、长度20～30 μm范围、粗细均匀且具有纤维锌矿结构的CdS纳米线与纳米管.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对CdS纳米线与管的形貌和晶体结构特征进行了表征.     

擦拭样品中铀微粒甄别技术的研究

基于裂变径迹原理对擦拭样品中微米量级铀微粒筛选技术进行了研究.研究内容包括擦拭样品与载体分离、样品在裂变径迹片上沉积、样品辐照以及化学刻蚀、铀微粒筛选等.文章中对各实验环节进行细致描述和讨论.研究发现:(1)以无尘滤纸、脱脂棉、Texwipe牌TX304型棉布为擦拭载体的样品经过400℃ 6 h灰化为较好的分离方法;(2)经热中子辐照和化学刻蚀后裂变径迹主要呈星状和坑状.其中235U含量高的微粒对应于坑状径迹,含量低的微粒对应于星状径迹;(3)采用新的定位方法能够筛选出铀微粒.     

放射治疗中肿瘤靶区勾画的主观差异性分析

为了解医生的主观因素在肿瘤靶区(GTV)勾画中产生差异性并分析其原因,对肿瘤处在身体不同部位的12例病人的CT定位图像,组织了来自放射治疗和影像诊断的6位医师进行了GTV勾画,计算病人GTV的体积值及其变化范围,比较两个学科和两次勾画所产生的差异性.结果表明,9位病人GTV体积最大值/最小值比值＜2,3位病人的项比值＞2;16%的体积值对体积平均数的变动范围＞±25%.在已知影响准确性的重要客观因素一致的条件下,造成差异性的主要原因是医生间学科的不同,影像科医生比放疗科医生的变异性小、准确性高.因此,在确定GTV时,对于因主诊医生主观因素产生的误差要引起重视,放射治疗医生加强影像诊断学知识学习与协作,建立、完善并认真执行相关的QA与QC规程是解决问题的主要方法.     

放疗后早期肿瘤组织内99Tcm-rh-Annexin Ⅴ分布与Survivin、Caspase-3蛋白表达的相关性研究

采用99Tcm-rh-AnnexinⅤ作为核素凋亡显像示踪剂,观察小鼠放疗后早期肿瘤组织内Survivin、Caspase-3蛋白表达。结果显示,放疗组肿瘤组织内99Tcm-rh-AnnexinⅤ分布、TUNEL检测阳性细胞数及Caspase-3蛋白表达均明显多于对照组,Survivin蛋白表达A组明显高于B组,差异均存在显著性（P均<0.01）。相关性研究表明,肿瘤组织的放射性摄取与TUNEL阳性细胞数呈明显正相关（r=0.942,P=0.000）;肿瘤组织内Survivin蛋白表达与Caspase-3蛋白表达呈明显负相关（r=-0.836,P=0.000）。肿瘤组织内99Tcm-Annexin Ⅴ分布与Caspase-3蛋白表达呈明显正相关（r=0.948,P=0.000）,与Survivin蛋白表达呈明显负相关（r=-0.819,P<0.01）。以上结果提示,肿瘤组织内99Tcm-rh-AnnexinⅤ的分布可以反映放疗后早期肿瘤组织细胞凋亡的状况以及凋亡调控蛋白Survivin、Caspase-3表达水平的变化。     

低能氮离子注入香菇生物学效应的研究

本文用能量为 15 keV,而注量不同的氮离子注入对武香一号香菇进行诱变,分析了不同注量下菌丝长速,菌丝生物量以及多糖含量的变化,对该低能离子与微生物间的作用规律进行了初步探索,为进一步筛选出多糖高产菌株提供前提.实验结果表明菌丝长速,菌丝生物量及多糖含量随不同注量的变化情况基本遵循"马鞍型曲线".注量小时菌丝日均长速较快,随着注量的增大,菌丝日均长速呈下降趋势,但在1.5×1016cm-2附近,菌丝长速有短暂回升.在注量较小时,随着注量的增加,菌丝生物量及多糖含量先升高后降低,注量为4×1015cm-2时,两者均达到最大值,而后会出现小的波动,注量增加到1.5×1016cm-2时,菌丝生物量及多糖含量又会达到-个较大的峰值.通过发酵动力学分析,研究了香菇液体菌种培养过程中菌丝球数量及形态、摇瓶总重、pH值、多糖含量等指标的变化情况,绘制该菌发酵产糖的过程曲线,这将为诱变前后液体发酵过程的控制提供参数.     

三代核电自主化依托项目的工程建造管理模式

2007年7月24日,国家核电技术公司、三门核电有限公司、山东核电有限公司、中国技术进出口总公司,与美国西屋联合体及分包商分别签订了第三代核电自主化依托项目4个机组的核岛设计及部分主设备采购合同;国家核电技术     

国外最新消息

伊朗总统宣布已开始安装6000台新离心机伊朗总统艾哈迈迪·内贾德2008年4月8日宣布,伊朗已开始在纳坦兹铀浓缩基地安装6000台新的离心机。(编译自法新社2008年4月8日报道)     

高压氘氚气氛下不锈钢吸附氚的初步研究

本工作对于氚在不锈钢表面的吸附和解吸行为进行了初步研究.样品在n(D)∶n(T)=1∶1,230℃时,15 MPa下恒温8 h后,接着在27 MPa下恒温6 h的情况下进行了氚的吸附,测量了室温下和加热到1173 K时的解吸氚量和总吸附量.其结果如下:不锈钢的总吸附氚量是857.4 MBq·cm-2,不锈钢的解吸氚量是722.2 MBq·cm-2;在本实验的条件下,在室温和加热条件下,不锈钢所释放的氚中,化学成分主要是HTO和HT两部分,大部分以HT形式存在;不锈钢的自由氚占吸附总氚量的7.34%;不锈钢的热解吸谱存在三个解吸峰,其解吸温度分别为439、530和843K.     

Continuous compositional spread investigation of SiC-based thin films prepared by MW-ECR plasma enhanced magnetron co-sputtering

A kind of combinatorial material methodology,also known as continuous compositional spread method,was employed to investigate the relationship between the optical band gap and composition of SiC thin films.A wide range of SixCy thin films with different carbon contents have been successfully deposited in a single deposition by carefully arranging the sample position on the substrate holder.The films were characterized by surface profiler,x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy,fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy.The carbon content y increases linearly from 0.28 to 0.72 while the sample position changed from 85 to 175 mm,the optical band gap changed between 1.27 and 1.99 eV,the maximum value corresponded to the stoichiometric SiC sample at the position of 130 mm,which has the highest Si?C bond density of 11.7×10^22 cm^-3.The C poor and C rich SixCy samples with y value less and larger than 0.5 were obtained while samples deviated from the position 130 mm,the optical band gap decreased with the Si?C bond density.     

基于BDMP的AP1000设备冷却水系统动态可靠性分析

设备冷却水系统（CCS）是一类具有双重冗余的可修复系统，冗余设备的交替运行以及故障设备的修复等因素对可靠性分析结果影响较大。传统故障树分析因缺乏对时间因素的描述，对于此类动态时序问题，分析假设过于保守。针对故障树分析的上述局限性，采用布尔逻辑驱动的马尔可夫过程（BDMP）方法对先进压水堆（AP1000）CCS进行了动态可靠性分析。然后基于BDMP模型导出了最简故障组合，计算了系统失效概率，并分析了系统失效的主要贡献因素。结果表明，CCS失效概率对设备冷却水泵的共因失效因子敏感，降低泵的共因失效可提高CCS可靠性。      

重要厂用水系统地震情况下可靠性分析

重要厂用水系统是核电厂重要的安全系统之一,其失效概率通常由系统可靠性分析获得。而地震情况下设备的失效概率是地震动峰值加速度的函数,且地震的发生又具有随机性,目前概率安全评价中传统的故障树分析方法对此种情况缺乏足够的处理能力。本文采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法解决条件概率的问题,针对地震情况系统可靠性分析,提出了评价模型,并对核电厂重要厂用水系统进行了分析计算,得到地震情况下重要厂用水系统的年失效概率为1.46×10^-4。计算结果与设备抗震性能数据符合,验证了分析模型的合理性。     

Reliability model of the digital reactor protection system considering the repair time and common cause failure

Reliability of the digital reactor protection system (RPS) is intensively researched as it is designed and installed to ensure the safety and economy which can be measured respectively by the probability of failure on demand (PFD) and probability of spurious trip (PST). Meanwhile, by analyzing the failure modes of the digital RPS, the failure on demand and spurious trip are the two main modes that should be evaluated for the reliability of digital RPS. Therefore, this paper develops the PFD and PST calculation formulas considering the module repair time as the repair takes some time, and during the repair duration, the digital system is operated in the degraded configuration and the common cause failure (CCF) which would severely impact the system in the event of occurrence. Considering the failure phenomenon of the digital RPS, the binomial failure rate (BFR) model is adopted for CCF. And the fault-tolerance techniques and their fault coverage are considered when calculating the PFD and PST. The quantitative results show that, in the example, CCF dominates the PFD while CCF is one of the major factors that result in PST but the main contributor is the independent failure. Also it can be concluded that the discovery time for the undetected failures dominates the PFD and PST when it costs long time to discover the failures even though the uncovered failures are very few. Thus, the failures should be covered by the fault-tolerance techniques as much as possible when designing the digital RPS.     

岭澳核电站3,4号机组反应堆保护系统概率安全评价结果校算

为了评估数字化仪表控制系统对核电厂安全的影响,以电厂停堆系统和专设安全设施驱动系统为例,参考西门子公司提供的故障树逻辑,对主泵流量低及功率量程中子通量高于整定值停堆故障和蒸汽发生器(SG)低-低水位和同一SG中主给水流量低故障进行了概率安全分析.分析中分别采用西门子公司提供的输入数据及通过失效率、试验时间以及β因子方法计算得到的数据,对西门子的分析结果进行了校算,在主要割集和失效概率上得到更为真实的结果.结果表明,考虑2种多样性的反应堆保护系统停堆I&C功能需求失效概率均值为5.5×10~(-8),符合分布式控制系统(DCS)合同中确定的可靠性目标值(1.0×10~(-7))和辅助给水电动泵驱动信号功能需求失效概率均值(5.21×10~(-6)与8.32×10~(-6)),也符合DCS合同中确定的可靠性目标值(1.0×10~(-5)).     

UPM共因失效分析方法在概率安全评价中的适用性

对整合部分法(UPM)这个共因失效(CCF)分析方法作了简要介绍,结合30万千瓦核电厂高压安注系统故障树分析,对UPM和另一常用的CCF分析方法作了比较分析,确定了在概率安全评价及系统故障树分析中采用UPM进行CCF分析的有效性、适用性。     

Asymmetrical Common-Cause Failures Analysis Method Applied in Fusion Reactors

Fusion reactors like the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) are generally complex systems, which demand reliability analysis. Common-Cause Failures (CCF) are increasingly important in the reliability analysis of these systems because of the widespread redundancy or similar components in them. However, despite the wide research in CCF, there has been little research on the handling of asymmetries of CCF that is inevitable in ITER. A concept of Multi-Common-Cause Failures (MCCF) and its key assumptions are discussed in this paper. On the basis of MCCF and the assumptions, a transition method named Common-Cause Breakdown Structure (CCBS) was designed to manage the asymmetrical CCF. The CCBS method can be easily applied to most fault tree analysis codes because the CCF treated by CCBS can be handled by traditional CCF models. A redundant system example was modeled and calculated in the reliability and probabilistic safety analysis program RiskA developed by FDS Team. The analysis results for water pumps redundant system applied in Tokamak cooling water system show that CCBS method is adequate and effective.     

Integration of functional reliability analysis with hardware reliability: An application to safety grade decay heat removal system of Indian 500 MWe PFBR

A passive system can fail either due to classical mechanical failure of components, referred to as hardware failure, or due to the failure of physical phenomena to fulfill the intended function, referred to as functional failure. In this paper a methodology is discussed for the integration of these two kinds of unreliability and applied to evaluate the integrated failure probability of the passive decay heat removal system of Indian 500 MWe prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR). The probability of occurrence of various system hardware configurations is evaluated using the fault tree method and functional failure probabilities on the corresponding configurations are determined based on the overall approach reported in the reliability methods for passive system (RMPS) project. The variation of functional reliability with time, which is coupled to the probability of occurrence of various hardware system configurations is studied and incorporated in the integrated reliability analysis. It is observed that this consideration of the dependence of functional reliability on time will give significant advantages on system reliability. The integrated reliability analysis is also explained using an event tree. The impact of the provision for forced circulation in the primary circuit on functional reliability is also studied with this procedure and it is found that the forced circulation capability helps to bring down the total decay heat removal failure probability by lowering the peak temperatures after the reactor shut down.     

CARR保护系统可靠性分析

保护系统是保证中国先进研究堆（CARR）安全的重要系统之一，它的高可靠性是保证其完成预期功能的重要条件。本工作以保护系统为研究对象，利用故障模式及影响分析和故障树等可靠性分析方法，建立相应模型，对保护系统进行了定性和定量的分析，得到了保护系统发生故障的概率和最小割集，其可靠性水平达到了CARR工程的设计要求，验证了设计，为CARR其他系统分析和验证奠定了基础。     

基于BDMP的核电厂蒸汽发生器水位控制系统可靠性评价

数字化仪表与控制系统(DICS)已广泛应用于核电厂安全/非安全相关的系统中。作为中枢神经系统,DICS的可靠性对核电厂运行过程的操作和维护至关重要。基于蒸汽发生器水位控制系统（SGWLCS）的结构和控制逻辑,采用布尔逻辑驱动的马尔科夫过程（BDMP)方法对系统进行了评价,分别得到可修复系统与不可修复系统随仿真步长增加的累积分布概率（CDP）。通过KB3搭建了BDMP模型,通过蒙特卡罗仿真软件YAMS对搭建的系统进行生产力分析,定量化分析出系统随仿真步长增加的CDP的变化趋势,以此计算系统的失效概率。通过对系统各组件的敏感性分析可直观得到各组件对系统的重要度影响。     

基于故障树分析的AP1000非能动余热排出系统的设计与优化

非能动余热排出(PRHR)系统是AP1000核电站重要安全系统之一。采用故障树方法对该系统可靠性进行评价,得到系统可能失效机理,并运用Risk Spectrum软件进行定量分析,得出系统失效概率约为9.215×10^-5。结果表明,余热排出热交换器入口管线上电动阀失效关闭是导致系统失效的最主要因素。基于计算结果提出两种方法对系统进行优化：1） 在另一回路增加同样1套PRHR系统;2） 在原有系统基础上增加一PRHR热交换器。通过故障树分析计算,并分别从系统可靠性、复杂性、经济性等方面对两种方法进行比较发现,方法2更具可行性,建议工程上采用此方法对系统进行优化。