渤海湾盆地A油田水平井网下热采气窜主控因素

渤海湾盆地A油田是中国第一个海上稠油热采的先导试验区,采用水平井多元热流体吞吐开发,随着热采井吞吐轮次的增加,各井间气窜现象突出,严重影响了油田生产。通过以热采区水平井为研究对象,从内在和外在两个方面进行气窜主控因素研究。结果表明,由构造低部位往高部位易发生气窜,同一构造幅度的井间气窜可能性小;水平段相对位置顺着废弃河道和侧积夹层的方向易发生气窜;在后续注热过程中,存气量大的区域容易气窜;地层压力下降快,导致在注入条件相同的情况下气液比相对增加,加大气体的波及半径,发生气窜可能性大。结合矿场实际,提出多井面积吞吐治理气窜,有效地抑制了新一轮吞吐过程中的气窜,改善了油田开发效果。     

海上深薄层稠油油田多元热流体吞吐研究

按照稠油注蒸汽开采筛选标准,很多埋藏深、储层薄的稠油油藏难以投入注蒸汽开发。为改善开发效果,提出多元热流体（蒸汽、热水、N₂和CO₂的高温混合物）吞吐技术,利用注入气体溶解降黏等复合机理开采原油。通过驱替实验研究多元热流体吞吐有别于蒸汽吞吐的主要作用机理,采用数模方法对比研究多元热流体吞吐与蒸汽吞吐生产规律和开发指标的异同。研究表明,与常规蒸汽吞吐相比,多元热流体吞吐周期内平均日产油、累计产油、采油速度均提高30%,周期间平均日产油递减率为蒸汽吞吐的60%,采出1%石油地质储量压降幅度仅为蒸汽吞吐的80%。矿场实践表明,南堡35-2油田南区注多元热流体吞吐后,单井高峰日产油可达到127 t/d,平均热采有效期达到300 d,有效期内平均日产油达到50 t/d,为冷采产能的1.6倍,预测采收率可在冷采基础上提高8.5个百分点。研究结果可为“深、薄、稠”油藏开发方案设计提供借鉴。     

海上稠油油藏温敏凝胶改善气窜实验研究*

针对海上稠油油田多元热流体吞吐过程中出现的气体窜流问题,以精制棉花、环氧丙烷、氯甲烷为原料,制备了温敏凝胶,评价了温敏凝胶的黏度、耐盐性能、封堵性能和封堵有效期,并利用大型二维物理模拟实验装置开展了温敏凝胶治理气窜的模拟实验。研究表明,随着温度的升高,温敏凝胶溶液黏度先逐渐降低,但是当温度超过70℃后温敏凝胶溶液黏度逐渐增大,而当温度达到80℃时,温敏凝胶溶液形成不可流动、强度很大的凝胶。该温敏凝胶的耐盐性能良好,用含1000 mg/L的Ca²⁺的水溶液、1000 mg/L的Mg²⁺的水溶液和50000 mg/L的氯化钠溶液配制质量分数为1.5%的温敏凝胶溶液,在80℃下均能成胶。向水测渗透率为1.59μm^2的填砂管注入温敏凝胶,在80℃下成胶后水驱1.0 PV的渗透率为0.0040μm^2,封堵率为99.74%,而且经过40 mL/min的高强度水驱30 PV后,填砂管渗透率保持率为95.28%,表明该温敏凝胶具有很高的封堵强度且封堵有效期长。注入的温敏凝胶主要进入高渗通道,被后续注入的多元热流体加热后成胶,起到封堵高渗通道、有效延缓气窜的作用。原有的高渗通道被温敏凝胶封堵后,后续注入的多元热流体被迫发生绕流,扩大了波及范围,采收率由36.1%提高至45.3%。南堡35-2油田现场试验结果表明,温敏凝胶可以封堵住了前两轮次注多元热流体期间形成的窜流通道,有效延缓气窜的发生,在25 d的注多元热流体作业期间未发生气窜,注入压力比气窜前提高2.0 MPa,临井气量未见明显上升,生产未受到影响。图12表3参13。     

稠油油藏水平井多元热流体吞吐高效开采技术

水平井多元热流体吞吐高效开采技术是一项综合利用水平井、二氧化碳、氮气和蒸汽进行稠油开发的提高采收率新技术。根据稠油油藏的特点,对其进行了水平井多元热流体吞吐实验及数值模拟研究,揭示了其提高采收率机理。与常规蒸汽吞吐相比,水平井多元热流体吞吐高效开采技术具有3大优势:水平井可以提高注入能力与生产能力,且吞吐有效期长;二氧化碳能有效降低稠油粘度和残余油饱和度,提高驱油效率;氮气可以扩大注入蒸汽波及范围,降低注入蒸汽热损失。现场应用证实,该技术可有效提高蒸汽的利用效率,降低注入压力,提高油井产能,延长吞吐有效期,能够大幅度提高海上稠油产量。     

海上稠油两种热采方式开发效果评价

为了给海上稠油油田选择热采技术提供依据,对多元热流体吞吐和蒸汽吞吐2种热采方式的开发效果进行了评价。根据实际地质油藏参数建立了热采单井地质模型,运用数值模拟方法,设置了注入热焓相同和注入量相同2种方案,并结合现场先导试验对比分析了多元热流体吞吐和蒸汽吞吐的开发特征和效果。通过数值模拟得出:在注入热焓相同（4.3×1013 J）的条件下,多元热流体吞吐和蒸汽吞吐的采收率分别为18.3%和12.4%;在注入量相同（227 m3/d）的条件下,多元热流体吞吐和蒸汽吞吐的采收率分别为17.5%和13.3%,多元热流体吞吐的采收率是蒸汽吞吐的1.3~1.5倍。在现场先导试验中,多元热流体井的产能是蒸汽吞吐井的1.5倍。研究结果表明,多元热流体吞吐比蒸汽吞吐提高采收率的幅度大,更适于开发海上稠油油田。      

海上稠油水平井多元热流体吞吐开采特征分析

多元热流体吞吐是一种新型的海上稠油热采技术。提出了多元热流体吞吐数学模型,对多元热流体吞吐进行了数值模拟研究,就产油曲线、温度、原油黏度及压力分布特征,与热水吞吐、蒸汽吞吐等开发方式进行了对比分析。模拟结果表明,在注入热量、温度、速度和焖井时间均相同的条件下,多元热流体吞吐相对于热水吞吐和蒸汽吞吐的热波及区域大,保温保压效果好,原油降黏分布区域大、降低程度高,且具有更长的生产周期和累计产油量。     

渤海L油田稠油水平井蒸汽吞吐开发效果分析

L油田是渤海首个进行稠油蒸汽吞吐热采试验的先导区,对其开发效果准确评价关系着渤海稠油蒸汽吞吐开发技术的推广及应用。基于蒸汽吞吐井实际生产动态数据,对L油田蒸汽吞吐实际注入状况、井底流温、产量、含水及热采增油效果等方面进行分析。结果表明,蒸汽吞吐下泵生产后井底流温较高,高峰达103℃,之后大幅度降低,蒸汽吞吐井底流温提高幅度大于多元热流体吞吐;根据产油量变化,蒸汽吞吐可划分为四个阶段:放喷吐水、高产、快速递减和低产稳定阶段,产量递减符合指数递减规律,第一轮次月递减率为22.3%～28.6%;蒸汽吞吐井第1月平均日产油是冷采井的2.5～2.8倍,第1年平均日产油和累计产油是冷采井的1.7～2.2倍,平均2.0倍。蒸汽吞吐能显著提高渤海稠油开发效果。     

南堡35-2海上稠油油田热采初探

南堡35-2油田是迄今为止中海油在已开发油田中所面临的最具挑战性的稠油油田。该油田常规开发,油井产能低,采油速度小,预测采收率低。根据南堡35-2油田地质特点,结合海上开发及目前热采工艺新的突破,提出多元热流体吞吐热采思路,对开发层系、井型、井距、热采参数等进行优化,提出了推荐方案,并预测实施多元热流体吞吐后较依靠天然能量常规开发采出程度有效提高。矿场先导试验证实单井热采高峰日产油相比冷采邻井产能提高三倍。该研究探索出了一条适合海上稠油高效开发的新模式,开创了国内海上稠油热采的先例。     

渤海稠油油田多元热流体吞吐数值模拟研究

渤海Q油田稠油油藏原油粘度高,采用常规注水开发方式难以使储量得到有效动用,为此引入多元热流体吞吐技术来改善开发效果.运用数值模拟方法对多元热流体吞吐的注入参数进行优化设计,得到合理注入参数分别为：注入温度240℃,注入速度210 m3/d,周期注入量4 200 m3,焖井时间3～5 d.并对该油藏的整体开发效果进行了预测,研究结果表明,与常规水驱相比,在相同开发年限内,应用多元热流体吞吐技术可使油田的采收率得到明显提高.     

多元热流体吞吐初期井间窜流复合防治

渤海油田开展多元热流体吞吐热采现场技术示范以来,取得了较好的开发效果。然而,受油藏及热流体物性、井网模式等因素影响,注热期间井间气窜现象较为严重,单井吞吐周期内产油量下降30%,热采效果变差。为了缓解气窜,在分析产生气窜原因的基础上,采用数值模拟方法,结合化学调堵工艺,在吞吐初期阶段提出“面积注热+高温调堵+防乳增效”的复合防治措施,即多井同时注入多元热流体,优选温敏可逆凝胶暂堵大孔道,优选高温防乳化增效剂提高热采效率。现场试验结果表明,热采施工期间,邻井均能正常生产,未发生明显气窜现象,且与措施前相比,注热井日增油提高1.5倍,整体上取得了良好的应用效果,为后续海上热采井间窜流防治及提质增效提供了有效的技术支持。     

氢监测技术在含硫输气管线上的应用

采用腐蚀挂片、缓蚀剂残余浓度分析以及氢监测技术,在含硫输气管线上研究了缓蚀剂应用效果,确定了缓蚀剂的有效保护时间。结果表明,氢监测技术能够无损、实时、全周相地监测含硫输气管线腐蚀状况,缓蚀剂残余浓度分析及氢监测结果显示缓蚀剂有效保护时间达到1个月以上。     

Visualization of CO2 and oil immiscible and miscible fl ow processes in porous media using NMR micro-imaging

CO₂ flooding is considered not only one of the most effective enhanced oil recovery（EOR） methods,but also an important alternative for geological CO₂ storage.In this paper,the visualization of CO₂ flooding was studied using a 400 MHz NMR micro-imaging system.For gaseous CO₂ immiscible displacement,it was found that CO₂ channeling or fingering occurred due to the difference of fluid viscosity and density.Thus,the sweep efficiency was small and the final residual oil saturation was 53.1%.For supercritical CO₂ miscible displacement,the results showed that piston-like displacement occurred,viscous fingering and the gravity override caused by the low viscosity and density of the gas was effectively restrained,and the velocity of CO₂ front was uniform.The sweep efficiency was so high that the final residual oil saturation was 33.9%,which indicated CO₂ miscible displacement could enhance oil recovery more than CO₂ immiscible displacement.In addition,the average velocity of CO₂ front was evaluated through analyzing the oil saturation prof ile.A special core analysis method has been applied to in-situ oil saturation data to directly evaluate the local Darcy phase velocities and capillary dispersion rate.     

深水浊积岩油藏提高采收率方法研究

深水浊积岩油藏储层非均质性强,平面矛盾突出,注水开发过程中易出现油水前缘不稳定,形成窜流。气为明确气水交替驱与氮气泡沫驱在平面非均质油藏的适用性及其提高采收率机制,结合油藏地质资料,设计制作了不同渗透率级差的岩心模型,开展了气水交替驱和氮气泡沫驱试验,分析了2种提高采收率方法的驱油效果,结合数值模拟研究,探索了驱替过程中不同渗透率条带的流体波及规律。研究结果表明,当岩心模型渗透率级差较小时,气水交替驱可表现出良好的提高波及系数及降低出口端含水率的能力,但当岩心模型渗透率级差较大时,该方法控制气体流度能力降低,提高采收率效果变差。氮气泡沫驱在岩心模型渗透率级差较大时,仍可发挥泡沫堵大不堵小、堵水不堵油以及表面活性剂洗油的多重特性,有效抑制高渗条带中的流体窜逸,使氮气泡沫在低渗条带呈现活塞式驱替,从而实现深部调驱、大幅度提高采收率的目的。因此,氮气泡沫驱可有效提高深水浊积岩油藏采收率,为该类油藏的经济高效开发提供技术支持。      

特低渗砂岩油藏CO2-低界面张力黏弹流体协同驱油机理研究

目的特低渗油藏储层物性差、层间非均质性强,造成CO₂驱易发生气窜,提高采收率效果欠佳,其中,CO₂水气交替驱作为结合CO₂驱和水驱优势的方法,具有较高的适用性。为进一步改善CO₂-水交替驱的开发效果,开展了CO₂-低界面张力黏弹流体协同驱油研究。 方法通过界面张力和润湿性能测试评价低界面张力黏弹流体基本性能,并利用微观可视化驱油实验及岩心驱油实验等,探究了不同驱替方式的驱油效果和CO₂-低界面张力黏弹流体协同驱油过程中二者之间的“协同作用”机理。 结果低界面张力黏弹流体具备良好的界面活性和改变岩石表面润湿性能力,水驱后开展CO₂驱、低界面张力黏弹流体驱、CO₂-低界面张力黏弹流体交替协同驱,采收率可在水驱基础上分别提高0.91%、10.66%、16.25%,其提高采收率机理包括降低界面张力、改善流度比、改变岩石表面润湿性及乳化作用的协同效应等。 结论CO₂-低界面张力黏弹流体协同驱既可有效增强非均质特低渗砂岩油藏注CO₂过程中气体流动性控制,又能够降低CO₂萃取轻烃导致重质组分沉积的影响,具有协同增效作用。      

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-triggered gelation for mobility control and channeling blocking during CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> flooding processes

CO₂ flooding is regarded as an important method for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and greenhouse gas control. However, the heterogeneity prevalently distributed in reservoirs inhibits the performance of this technology. The sweep efficiency can be significantly reduced especially in the presence of “thief zones”. Hence, gas channeling blocking and mobility control are important technical issues for the success of CO₂ injection. Normally, crosslinked gels have the potential to block gas channels, but the gelation time control poses challenges to this method. In this study, a new method for selectively blocking CO₂ channeling is proposed, which is based on a type of CO₂-sensitive gel system (modified polyacrylamide-methenamine-resorcinol gel system) to form gel in situ. A CO₂-sensitive gel system is when gelation or solidification will be triggered by CO₂ in the reservoir to block gas channels. The CO₂-sensitivity of the gel system was demonstrated in parallel bottle tests of gel in N₂ and CO₂ atmospheres. Sand pack flow experiments were conducted to investigate the shutoff capacity of the gel system under different conditions. The injectivity of the gel system was studied via viscosity measurements. The results indicate that this gel system was sensitive to CO₂ and had good performance of channeling blocking in porous media. Advantageous viscosity-temperature characteristics were achieved in this work. The effectiveness for EOR in heterogeneous formations based on this gel system was demonstrated using displacement tests conducted in double sand packs. The experimental results can provide guidelines for the deployment of the CO₂-sensitive gel system for field applications.     

Effects of hydrocarbon solvents on simultaneous improvement in displacement and sweep efficiencies during CO2-enhanced oil recovery

The addition of hydrocarbon solvent such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to the CO₂ stream leads to miscible conditions in reservoirs at lower pressures by reducing the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP). Under miscible conditions, improved displacement and vertical sweepout occur simultaneously. The influences of LPG concentration and composition on the displacement and sweep efficiencies during CO₂-LPG enhanced oil recovery (EOR) were investigated. Enhanced displacement efficiency was assessed through oil viscosity reduction and oil saturation change. Moreover, the miscible flooding induced by LPG addition, which resulted in increased solvent viscosity and a lower density difference between the injected fluid and reservoir oil, provided a smaller viscous gravity number, and improved the sweep efficiency, alleviating the impact of solvent gravity override. For CO₂-LPG EOR, oil recovery increased up to 52% as compared with that for CO₂ flooding. The amount of incremental oil recovery with 100% butane in the LPG was 16%, as compared with the 100% propane case. Mitigated gravity override enabled CO₂-LPG EOR to enhance sweep efficiency. Results indicated that the compositional modeling of the EOR process with the addition of LPG provided more accurate prediction on the performance of CO₂-LPG EOR.     

CO2驱开发后期防气窜综合治理方法研究

室内实验得到的 CO₂混相驱油效率往往可达 90% 以上,但现场却难以达到室内实验的驱油效果。 限制采收率提高的主要原因是 CO₂的黏性指进、重力超覆和油层的非均质性等因素对注入 CO₂波及效率 的影响。 针对注 CO₂驱开发后期油藏气窜现象逐渐加重、开发矛盾不断加剧等问题,从开发层系、注采结 构、注入方式以及注入剖面 4 个方面开展了改善 CO₂驱开发效果的研究,并提出了细分层系、高部位注气、 水气交替注入、聚合物调剖及 CO ₂+ 泡沫驱防气窜等技术对策。 现场实施结果显示,油藏整体气油比从 2733.1 m³/m³下降到 63.84 m³/m³,日产油从注气前的 30.72 t 上升到注气后的 81.68 t。 该项防气窜综合治 理技术及经验可为类似油藏注气驱开发方案设计和后期防气窜提供借鉴。     

浅层油藏稠油热水/CO2驱油效率实验模拟研究

新疆油田九_6区齐古组浅层稠油油藏已进入蒸汽开采中后期,油藏开采经历了蒸汽吞吐、加密调整、蒸汽驱过程,采出程度为37%。现阶段单一蒸汽驱效果明显下降,地层亏空严重,蒸汽热利用效率低,吸汽不均,波及程度差异大,油水流度比大,采收率低。热水复合CO_2驱油充分利用热水热效应和发挥CO_2溶解降黏等作用,是提高原油采收率的有效方法。因此,针对九_6区稠油开展不同混合方式热水/CO_2驱油模拟实验,分别研究了纯热水驱、热水与CO_2混注、热水与CO_2段塞的驱油效率。结果表明,纯热水驱累积驱油效率为49.19%,热水/CO_2混注累积驱油效率最大为71.25%,段塞驱累积驱油效率高达85.96%。同时,分析了驱出原油及岩心残余油组分变化。     

Profile improvement during CO2 flooding in ultra-low permeability reservoirs

Gas flooding such as CO2 flooding may be effectively applied to ultra-low permeability reservoirs, but gas channeling is inevitable due to low viscosity and high mobility of gas and formation heterogeneity. In order to mitigate or prevent gas channeling, ethylenediamine is chosen for permeability profile control. The reaction mechanism of ethylenediamine with CO2, injection performance, swept volume, and enhanced oil recovery were systematically evaluated. The reaction product of ethylenediamine and CO2 was a white solid or a light yellow viscous liquid, which would mitigate or prevent gas channeling. Also, ethylenediamine could be easily injected into ultra-low permeability cores at high temperature with protective ethanol slugs. The core was swept by injection of 0.3 PV ethylenediamine. Oil displacement tests performed on heterogeneous models with closed fractures, oil recovery was significantly enhanced with injection of ethylenediamine. Experimental results showed that using ethylenediamine to plug high permeability layers would provide a new research idea for the gas injection in fractured, heterogeneous and ultra-low permeability reservoirs. This technology has the potential to be widely applied in oilfields.     

国外CO2驱流度控制进一步扩大波及体积方法

CO₂驱油是一种有效的提高采收率方法,矿场成功应用已有60多年。理论上微观驱油效率接近100%,但相对原油,CO₂的低黏度低密度与储层的非均质性导致的黏性指进和重力分离两大典型问题大大降低了气体波及系数。本文综述了国外各种流度控制方法,包括气水交替、聚合物直接稠化CO₂、CO₂泡沫驱、气-化学剂联合方法及气体辅助重力泄油,简要介绍了CO₂驱扩大波及体积的其他方法,分析了每种方法的机理及优缺点,力图为我国CO₂驱油进一步扩大波及体积这一难题积累先进做法和经验。