生发中心B细胞应答异常引起的自身免疫性疾病研究进展

文章综述并深入介绍了参与生发中心反应的相关因子和目前对治疗免疫性疾病的抗体和药物研究的进展,对应用于自身免疫性疾病的研究和治疗进行一定的理论总结,为了解生发中心B细胞的应答过程及其与自身免疫性疾病的联系,掌握相关细胞因子对关节炎等自身免疫性疾病的作用,具有一定的理论和临床意义。     

益生菌发酵乳辅助调节机体健康的研究进展

益生菌发酵乳是益生菌的重要载体，可通过改善宿主肠道微生物菌群的平衡，促进有益成分代谢增强发酵乳的营养健康属性。文章阐述了益生菌发酵乳在改善肠道功能、调节机体免疫、辅助治疗代谢性疾病、改善神经系统疾病等方面的辅助功效，并对益生菌发酵乳的发展方向进行了展望。     

益生菌免疫调节及抗肿瘤作用研究进展

许多研究发现益生菌具有免疫调节作用,并参与调控多种疾病的发生发展,如炎症性疾病和肿瘤的发生。益生菌及其代谢产物通过影响非特异性及特异性免疫反应,参与巨噬细胞极化,调节黏膜屏障功能及免疫平衡,促使免疫微生态环境重建,从而达到辅助治疗多种疾病的目的。本文就益生菌对消化系统、呼吸系统、运动系统、生殖系统及对免疫细胞、代谢和与免疫检查点互作方面发挥的抗肿瘤免疫作用进行综述,为地方特色乳品发酵菌及其代谢产物在调节免疫、抗肿瘤、增强化疗药物活性、保护肠黏膜屏障作用、宿主-菌群互作调节机制等方面的探讨提供一定研究思路。     

复合益生菌粉对小鼠免疫机能的影响研究

目的:研究复合益生菌粉在增强免疫力功能方面的作用。方法:采用经口灌胃给予方式,设受试物组3组,分别为低、中、高剂量组,同时设阴性对照组(生理盐水),从小鼠体重指标、细胞免疫、体液免疫、单核—吞噬细胞活性、NK细胞活性等方面综合评价复合益生菌对小鼠体内免疫机能的影响。结果:与空白对照组相比,中、高剂量下的益生菌粉组中的小鼠抗体生成细胞数显著增加(P<0.05);低、中、高剂量益生菌组中的小鼠碳廓清功能显著提高(P<0.05);高剂量组的NK细胞活性比对照组有显著性提高(P<0.01)。不同剂量的益生菌给予期间,均未见益生菌粉对小鼠体重、脾脏/体重比值、胸腺/体重比值、足趾肿胀度、淋巴细胞增殖能力、半数溶血、巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力有影响。结论:该复合益生菌粉能够增强体液免疫、单核—吞噬细胞活性和NK细胞的活性,具有一定的免疫增强功能。     

补充益生菌对肥胖机体免疫调节作用的研究进展

肥胖不仅会诱发慢性代谢性疾病，还会导致免疫功能的损伤，降低生活质量。益生菌是对宿主健康起促进作用的活菌，具有免疫调节作用。本文综述了补充益生菌对肥胖机体适应性免疫与固有免疫的作用，讨论了菌株特异性、益生菌补充剂量、补充方式、宿主状态等对免疫调节效果的影响，旨在进一步加深补充益生菌对肥胖机体免疫调节作用的认识，为合理应用益生菌提供参考。     

miRNA参与益生菌调节肠道屏障功能的研究进展

以往研究表明,定植于肠道的益生菌可通过激活肠道免疫、抑制肠上皮细胞异常凋亡、调节紧密连接蛋白等多种途径增强肠道屏障功能,从而有利于宿主健康。新近报道提示非蛋白编码小分子RNA(microRNA或miRNA)作为调控宿主基因表达的重要因子之一,不仅是肠道屏障稳态的监督者,也是肠道益生菌与宿主相互作用的重要纽带。本文就近年来国内外有关miRNA参与益生菌保护肠道屏障的研究进行综述,旨在从分子水平解析益生菌促进肠道健康的作用机制,为应用益生菌预防和治疗肠道疾病提供新的理论支撑。     

益生菌磷壁酸引起的免疫反应研究进展

磷壁酸是益生菌发挥其生理功能的重要表面分子之一，在免疫调节、治疗肠炎等方面有积极作用。大量研究证明不同结构的磷壁酸引起的免疫反应不同，这也被认为是致病菌及益生菌磷壁酸引起不同免疫反应的重要原因之一。本文在细胞和分子水平上对磷壁酸引起的免疫反应进行简述，并在此基础上分析了益生菌磷壁酸基因缺失突变型菌株对缓解免疫反应疾病、治疗和预防肠炎等方面的作用，旨在为益生菌治疗免疫相关疾病提供新的调控靶点和研究思路。     

益生菌缓解或治疗炎症性肠病的作用及机制研究进展

炎症性肠病（inflammatory bowel disease,IBD）是一种慢性且反复发作的肠道炎症性疾病,并且在中国的发病率逐渐升高。近年来,随着对IBD的深入研究,益生菌成为IBD治疗的新兴药物,并且某些益生菌能够通过参与肠道屏障的保护,调节免疫和炎性因子的表达来缓解或治疗IBD。同时,因益生菌具有抗炎、良好的耐受性和极少的不良反应等特性,也使其在IBD治疗的临床应用中越来越常见。本文主要从缓解或治疗IBD的益生菌分类、作用机制及临床研究等方面介绍了益生菌在IBD治疗中的研究进展。     

益生菌的作用机制及临床应用研究进展

益生菌是指对宿主人体有利而能够促进人类健康的微生物,主要通过调节肠道菌群、改善肠上皮细胞屏障功能、调节免疫应答等作用对机体产生有益的影响。益生菌被应用于多种临床疾病防治的研究,包括肠易激综合征、感染性腹泻、抗生素相关性腹泻、炎症性肠病等。本文阐述益生菌的作用机制及临床应用进展,旨在为进一步研究开发益生菌提供参考依据。     

复合益生菌制剂对Balb/c小鼠非特异性免疫功能的影响

探讨一种复合益生菌制剂对Balb/c小鼠非特异性免疫功能的影响。方法:采用不同剂量组的复合益生菌菌粉对小鼠灌胃30d后,检测其腹腔吞噬细胞吞噬能力及脾NK细胞活性。中、高剂量组吞噬细胞的吞噬指数较基质对照组显著增高(P0.01);高剂量组吞噬率较空白及基质对照组都明显增高(P0.05或P0.01);各剂量组NK细胞活性均高于空白和基质对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。本实验条件下,该复合益生菌制剂可增强Balb/c小鼠非特异性免疫功能。     

双歧杆菌对肿瘤治疗作用的研究进展

双歧杆菌是人体肠道中重要的有益菌群,具有改善胃肠道功能和预防疾病等诸多功能。最新研究表明其在肿瘤治疗中亦有应用前景。传统肿瘤治疗方法会在治疗过程中产生较强的毒副作用。随着科学研究的不断深入,一些新的肿瘤治疗方法业已投入临床应用。肿瘤免疫治疗可通过激发机体自身免疫系统对肿瘤细胞进行杀伤和清除。研究发现双歧杆菌在肿瘤免疫治疗中可发挥双重作用,既可激活抗肿瘤免疫应答,又可缓解免疫检查点疗法引起的副作用。同时,双歧杆菌在肿瘤靶向性基因治疗中可作为载体将药物运输到实体瘤内部并发挥治疗作用。文章在介绍双歧杆菌对机体主要作用的基础上对其在肿瘤治疗中的最新应用进行了综述。     

Prevention of infections by probiotics

'Viable bacteria that exhibit beneficial effects for health based on improvement of balance of intestinal bacterial flora' was the most common definition of probiotics, but the diversity of their action mechanisms, including immune regulation, has been clarified, and probiotics have recently been broadly defined as 'live microorganisms which when administered in adequet amounts confer a health benefit on the host'. Coined words such as prebiotics, describing non-digestible food fiber components that contribute to host health by activating proliferation and function of beneficial intestinal bacteria, and synbiotics, describing a combination of probiotics and prebiotics have also been established as medical expressions. In this report, clinical studies of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on prevention of infection by various infectious diseases in humans are reviewed. The effects of and action mechanisms against sporadic intestinal infectious diseases that are difficult to investigate in humans (enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Salmonellosis) in experimental animal models are also reviewed. Finally, points necessary for clarification of the role of probiotics in health care, and their functions in health care foods are discussed.     

The effects of consuming probiotic‐fermented milk on the immune system: A review of scientific evidence

Fermented dairy products are commonly used as the most efficient delivery vehicle for probiotics. These foods are well known for promoting the positive health benefits of consuming probiotics. Among their beneficial effects, their immunomodulatory properties have attracted a great deal of interest in recent years. Reports, both in vitro and in vivo, on the beneficial effects of consuming fermented milks containing probiotics have demonstrated the enhancement of various parameters in animal (e.g. rats and mice) and human immune systems, such as the production of cytokines and mediators by antigen‐presenting cells and cellular markers for different cell populations. Hence, the purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the scientific literature concerning the potential of probiotic‐fermented milks to influence the host's immune system, thereby modulating the immune response in a positive fashion.     

乳酸菌降低过敏食物致敏性的研究进展

食物过敏的患病率在近几十年内急剧上升,越来越多的证据表明机体内微生物的生态失调是引起食物过敏的主要原因,因此乳酸菌等益生菌对过敏症状的潜在预防和治疗效果引起了人们的广泛关注。大量研究表明乳酸菌不仅能够通过发酵降低食物过敏原的致敏性,而且有可能通过调节肠道菌群的平衡在宿主免疫系统的发育和调节中发挥作用,从而改变过敏性疾病的发病风险。本文综述了乳酸菌的分类和生物特性,乳酸菌发酵在降低牛奶、大豆、花生、小麦等主要食物过敏原中发挥的作用,乳酸菌发挥免疫调节作用的主要机制,包括改变抗原递呈细胞的表型、调节Th1/Th2平衡、诱导调节性T细胞、增强肠道屏障功能。以期通过乳酸菌及其发酵作用达到预防和/或治疗食物过敏的效果,为乳酸菌的研究及应用提供参考。     

益生菌活菌与死菌的保健作用研究进展

酸奶和发酵制品均强调活菌的重要性。然而,并非活菌产品才具有保健效果。就乳糖酶缺乏症、过敏性鼻炎、急性胃肠炎患者而言,活菌和死菌具有相似的临床治疗效果。在刺激免疫系统、抗肿瘤、治疗阴道炎等方面,活菌的生理功能强于死菌,而在清除黄曲霉毒素方面,死菌则强于活菌。目前益生菌功能研究多限于活菌,且在某些活菌和死菌功能研究中存在争议,提示将来的研究应对两者进行科学的对照实验。     

Lactobacilli as multifaceted probiotics with poorly disclosed molecular mechanisms

Lactic acid bacteria and more particularly lactobacilli have been used for the production of fermented foods for centuries. Several lactobacilli have been recognized as probiotics due to their wide range of health-promoting effects in humans. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underpinning their probiotic functions. Here we reviewed the main beneficial effects of lactobacilli and discussed, when the information is available, the molecular machinery involved in their probiotic function.Among the beneficial effects, lactobacilli can improve digestion, absorption and availability of nutrients. As an example, some strains are able to degrade carbohydrates such as lactose or α-galactosides that may cause abdominal pain. Furthermore, they can hydrolyze compounds that limit the bioavailability of minerals like tannin and phytate due to tannin acylhydrolase and phytase activities. In addition, it was shown that some lactobacilli strains can improve mineral absorption in Caco-2 cells. Lactobacilli can also contribute to improve the nutritional status of the host by producing B group vitamins. More recently, the role of lactobacilli in energy homeostasis, particularly in obese patients, is the object of an increased interest.Lactobacilli are also involved in the prevention of diseases. They have potential to prevent carcinogenesis through the modulation of enzymes involved in the xenobiotic pathway, and may prevent cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension through the production of a bioactive peptide that may have angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor activity. Lactobacilli are increasingly studied for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases and exhibit interesting potential in the reduction of pain perception. The ability of some strains to bind to intestinal cells, their pathogen-associated molecular patterns and the metabolites they produce confer interesting immunomodulatory effects. Finally, pathogenic fungi, virus or bacteria can be inhibited by probiotics. They can reinforce the intestinal barrier, simply occupying the ecological niche, or they can have an active role by synthesizing various metabolites inhibiting pathogen development.Lactobacilli have a long standing history with foods and humans but comparatively, their history as probiotics is recent. Their effects are investigated in in vitro and in vivo models leading sometimes to contradictory or controversial results that make necessary final demonstrations through clinical trials. Researches on molecular mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects reviewed here are necessary for a better understanding of these effects, but could also lead to the development of molecular tools to help the screening of the probiotic potential of lactobacilli that are common inhabitants of numerous fermented foods around the world.     

益生菌与肠道菌群、免疫调节的相互作用与机制研究进展

益生菌在改善宿主肠道微生态平衡、提高宿主健康水平和健康状态等方面发挥有益作用。其主要通过调理肠道微生物群、参与多种疾病的免疫调节,从而改善胃肠道生理机能来影响宿主健康。益生菌在预防和治疗胃肠道疾病等方面具有相当大的潜力,需要对其与肠道菌群、免疫调节的相互作用机制更深入的了解。本文对益生菌在肠道的分布与定植、益生菌对肠道菌群和肠道功能的调控作用以及益生菌与免疫调节的关系做了简单论述,以期为今后益生菌与肠道菌群互作研究以及益生菌的临床应用提供参考。     

益生菌胞外蛋白与肠道粘膜免疫细胞互作关系的研究进展

近期国内外研究证实了益生菌分泌的胞外蛋白具有增强粘膜屏障、调节免疫、维持肠道稳态的功能,在一定程度上可以改善、缓解和治疗肠道疾病。益生菌分泌的胞外蛋白对肠粘膜免疫作用及对机体健康的影响的相关阐述已成为人们关注的热点,为探究益生菌对肠粘膜屏障及粘膜免疫信号通路的功能表现的分子基础,本文首先概括肠粘膜系统及其免疫机制和益生菌分泌胞外蛋白的作用,然后重点介绍国内外对分泌胞外蛋白的益生菌的相关研究进展,并指出胞外蛋白将在一定程度上打通肠粘膜免疫信号通路途径,发挥治疗肠道疾病的作用,从而达到维护肠道健康的目的,也为解决肠道健康问题提供了一条可行的途径。