原花色素抗氧化生物活性研究进展

该文综述原花色素的结构、化学特性,抗氧化机制及抗氧化生物活性方面研究,如预防心血管疾病、保护肝脏、抗肿瘤、抗过敏及抗炎、防辐射等作用,为其在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域深入研究和开发提供参考。     

天然黑色素理化性质与功能特性研究进展

黑色素是广泛存在于生物体中的一类天然色素,具有许多重要的生理功能。本文从天然黑色素溶解性、光吸收特性、氧化还原特性、金属螯合特性、自由基特性等理化性质以及加固结构、抗辐射、抗氧化、螯合重金属、抗病毒、抗衰老、免疫调节和DNA保护等功能特性方面进行了综述。     

乌贼墨生物活性研究进展

目前,从海洋生物中寻找活性物质,是研究开发天然药物的一个重要方向。乌贼是丰富易得的海洋生物,而乌贼墨是乌贼加工中的废弃物,它作为一种极具潜力的海洋活性物质,具有止血、抗菌、增强免疫、抗肿瘤、抗氧化等多种生理活性。而乌贼墨多糖就是从乌贼墨中分离出的一种主要活性成分,在抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗化疗、增强免疫等功能活性方面均表现出了良好的作用效果。通过对乌贼墨中生物活性成分的研究,不仅为乌贼加工废弃物提供了高值化利用途径,也为开发临床医药、保健食品提供了新的资源,对扩大药源及对海洋资源的充分利用都具有深远意义,已受到科研工作者的广泛关注。本文通过综合近年来国内外有关乌贼墨及其活性多糖的研究进展,对它们的理化性质、生物活性和临床应用等方面进行了较为系统的综述,并根据其研究特点和应用前景提出了未来研究的发展方向。     

乌贼墨及其活性多糖的研究进展

目前,从海洋生物中寻找活性物质,是研究开发天然药物的一个重要方向。乌贼是丰富易得的海洋生物,而乌贼墨是乌贼加工中的废弃物,它作为一种极具潜力的海洋活性物质,具有止血、抗菌、增强免疫、抗肿瘤、抗氧化等多种生理活性。乌贼墨多糖就是从乌贼墨中分离出的一种主要活性成分,在抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗化疗、增强免疫等功能活性方面均表现出了良好的作用效果。通过对乌贼墨中生物活性成分的研究,不仅为乌贼加工废弃物提供了高值化利用途径,也为开发临床医药、保健食品提供了新的资源,对扩大药源及对海洋资源的充分利用都具有深远意义,已受到科研工作者的广泛关注。本文通过综合近年来国内外有关乌贼墨及其活性多糖的研究进展,对它们的理化性质、生物活性和临床应用等方面进行了较为系统的综述,并根据其研究特点和应用前景提出了未来研究的发展方向。     

大型真菌菌核生物活性研究进展

菌核是真菌菌丝在不良环境条件下经无性繁殖形成的一种致密而坚硬的组织结构,是真菌的营养贮藏和休眠器官。大型真菌的菌核富含碳水化合物、蛋白质、多磷酸盐、脂质和矿物质等营养素以及萜类、酚类、黑色素等多种生物活性成分,常作为保健食品和营养补充剂,引起越来越广泛关注。本文在概述大型真菌菌核生物活性成分的基础上,重点综述了菌核及其生物活性成分作为功能性食品原料在免疫调节、改善肠道功能、抗氧化、调节血压血糖等方面的潜在价值以及在抗肿瘤、抗炎、利尿与肾保护、抑菌等方面的最新进展。在阐述当前国内外大型真菌菌核生物活性及其功能研究现状的基础上,分析了存在的问题,提出了可能的发展方向,为大型真菌菌核生物活性的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

乌贼墨黑色素的超微结构及抗氧化活性研究

应用电镜技术和体外培养试验等研究乌贼墨黑色素超微结构及其抗氧化等特性。结果表明,乌贼墨黑色素是由黑色素单体堆积而成,其单体颗粒呈圆形,表面清晰光滑,平均直径约118nm。乌贼墨黑色素对大肠杆菌有较好的光保护效果。随着黑色素浓度的增加,其光保护作用增强。黑色素可有效抑制猪油的氧化反应。在乌贼墨黑色素同一添加量水平下,POV值均随着时间的延长而增大;在一定时间条件下,乌贼墨添加量越大,POV值越小,表明乌贼墨黑色素具有较强的抗氧化能力。黑色素对大鼠自发性脂质过氧化有明显的抑制作用,其抑制率达到53.3%。同时,黑色素对Fe2+-Cys诱导大鼠肝脂质过氧化也有较明显的抑制作用,其抑制率达到22.5%。     

原花青素的生物活性研究

综述了近年来，植物中的提取物一原花青素在生物活性方面的研究：抗氧化、抗衰老作用；对心脏灌注损伤的保护作用；对肝脏细胞的保健作用；抗炎作用；抗肿瘤作用；抗诱变作用；DNA损伤的保护作用等，提示此类成分具有较高的生物活性及开发价值。     

褐藻多酚提取、分离和抗氧化活性的研究进展

褐藻多酚是从褐藻中提取出的一类酚类化合物,具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗心血管疾病、抗糖尿病综合症等广泛的生物活性。抗氧化是褐藻多酚突出的功效特点,本文对褐藻多酚的提取、分离、抗氧化活性及影响因素方面的研究进行了综述。     

番木瓜不同部位活性成分及抗癌功能研究进展

论述了番木瓜含有番木瓜碱、芸香苷、异硫氰酸苄酯、类胡萝卜素等多种活性物质,指出相关化合物在肠胃保护、护肝、抗炎镇痛、减肥美容、抗肿瘤、杀菌和抗氧化等方面表现出一定的生物活性,综述了番木瓜不同部位主要生物活性成分、抗癌作用效果等最新研究成果,指出其在功能食品、医药卫生及保健品等领域拥有广阔应用前景。     

红枣活性成分及其生物活性的研究进展

红枣中的活性成分以多糖、黄酮类、环核苷酸类、多酚类、五环三萜类、生物碱为主,具有抗氧化、免疫调节及抗肿瘤、保护肝脏、降血糖、抗炎等多种生物活性。本文综述了红枣中活性成分及生物活性的研究进展,并对红枣产业的发展进行展望,为红枣中活性成分的开发与利用提供科学依据。     

食品及其原料中的黑色素研究进展

食品及其原料中的黑色素近年来得到了广泛研究。每一类黑色素的品种繁多、形成机制多样化、结构复杂。黑色的动物类、菌类、植物类食品或原料中一般都含有一定量的黑色素;人造黑色素-焦糖色素广泛地应用于各种加工饮料和食品中。研究表明,可食用黑色素具有抗氧化性、抗癌性、抗菌和抗炎性、降血压或血脂、螯合金属离子和有益于肠胃健康等功能特性;酚类氧化形成的黑色素还具有护肝和调节免疫功能的特性。伴随人类饮食,每日都有一定量的黑色素摄入体内,但对于各种食品或饮料及其原料中存在的黑色素或人造焦糖色素本身尚无具有毒性方面的研究证据。为此,本文对一些常见于食品及其原料中的三类黑色素（包括天然生物合成类、美拉德反应生成类和人工合成焦糖类）的形成、结构组成与特征、含量、各种重要功能特性和食用安全性进行了系统的论述,以期为食品及其原料中各类黑色素或人造黑色素的开发利用提供参考。     

Role of melanin and artificial hair color in preventing photo-oxidative damage to hair

This research is a multifaceted study which investigates not only the role of melanin in providing photostability to natural hair color and hair proteins, but also the claim that the presence of specific artificial colors in hair slows down the rate of photodegradation of hair proteins. In earlier studies, the extractability of protein from photodegraded hair was investigated and showed that many of the cleaved proteins could not be extracted because of photo‐oxidative cross‐linking. The current study investigates the effect of the amount of melanin in hair of different ethnicity and the presence of artificial hair colors on the extractability of the main classes of hair proteins. Furthermore, the data are used in the interpretation of the effect of these components in being able to prevent photo‐oxidative damage to hair proteins. When exposed to sunlight, hair undergoes changes in chemical, mechanical and morphological properties. The UVB and UVA regions of the solar spectrum are the most damaging to human hair. Of these two, the UVA region is predominant in the solar spectrum at low altitudes. Hair of different ethnicity responds differently to the damaging radiation of the solar spectrum, because of different amounts of melanin present in hair. Melanin absorbs the impinging radiation (especially at the lower wavelengths (254–350 nm), and converts it by some complex internal mechanism into heat. Because of this, melanin provides a photochemical protection to natural hair color and hair proteins and prevents their photodegradation. However, the melanin pigments act sacrificially and become themselves degraded in the process of protecting the proteins from light. As a result, this «protective» effect of the melanin pigments does not last during long‐term intense exposure, when, regardless of the amount of melanin in hair, most matrix, intermediate filament and high molecular weight hair proteins undergo photo‐oxidative cross‐linking into higher molecular weight species, and their extractability from hair decreases significantly. The goal of this study is to demonstrate how UV‐radiation affects natural and artificial hair color during long‐term exposures. Bright‐field and UV‐microspectrophotometry and an electrophoretic separation technique (SDS‐PAGE) were chosen as investigative techniques for these studies, because they are well‐suited to accurately and reproducibly investigate the initial properties of a specific hair sample and the changes in these properties as a result of long‐term light‐exposure. The goal of this paper is not to relate this to the content and type of melanin in hair. Electrophoresis, while not measuring the exact quantitative amount of protein extracted, is a semi‐quantitative method, where increases in brightness of the bands represent increased amounts of proteins that were extracted of that specific protein from hair. This electrophoretic study attempts to determine whether the presence of natural or artificial color in hair influences the protein extractability in unaltered hair and the photo‐oxidative cross‐linking during light‐exposure. The bright‐field microspectrophotometric study showed that high concentrations of melanin provide protection to the melanin itself and that they prevent loss of natural hair color during light‐exposure. However, neither large amounts of melanin in hair of different ethnicity, nor artificial hair colors (even a dye with an absorption in the UV region) provide protection to the hair proteins against photodegradation under the conditions used in this study. UV‐microspectrophotometry has suggested the formation of high levels of photo‐oxidized proteins as a result of light‐exposure. Electrophoresis revealed photo‐oxidative cross‐linking of most matrix, intermediate filament and high molecular weight hair proteins into their higher molecular weight analogues, rendering them less extractable due to their lowered diffusivity. Only very low levels of low molecular weight matrix proteins could be extracted.     

短梗霉黑色素的提取及其理化性质的研究

从短梗霉中提取黑色素,并对黑色素的酸碱、热、光、耐氧化还原性以及常用食品添加剂对色素稳定性的影响进行了探讨。结果表明:黑色素的最大吸收峰为225nm;碱性条件下呈黑褐色,酸性下呈棕红或棕黄色;除还原剂以外,热、光、氧化剂及常用食品添加剂对其无影响,说明该色素稳定性良好,作为天然色素具有广阔的开发应用前景。     

桂花种子皮黑色素提取及影响其稳定性因素分析

采用碱性溶液提取、酸水解、多种有机溶剂萃取沉淀等工艺手段分离纯化了桂花种子皮色素,呈天然黑色,其得率为0.34%(以湿原料为准)。随后,对该色素的理化性质等进行了较系统的研究。结果表明,桂花种子皮黑色素耐光、耐热;对还原剂较稳定;对强氧化荆不够稳定;碱性条件下较稳定;Cu2 、Ca2 、Fe3 、Zn2 等金属离子对该色素有护色、增色作用;Mg2 、Al3 、Na 虽有减色作用,但不明显, 是一种性能优良的天然黑色素。     

Extraction,physicochemical characterisation,and bioactive properties of ink melanin from cuttlefish (Sepia esculenta)

The extracted melanin from Sepia esculenta was characterised by physicochemical properties and biological activities. The yields of melanin were 87.1%, 69.9%, and 62.5% by water extraction, enzymolysis and acidolysis, respectively. The ink melanin contained a characteristic indole structure with irregular spherical structures. Water extraction showed a positive effect on preserving the complete structure of melanin particles based on component analysis, whereas enzymes and acids had destructive effect. Water extraction melanin (WM) exhibited a certain thermal stability and light resistance. WM performed in radical scavenging in a dose-dependent manner. The IC₅₀ of WM for DPPH and ABTS was 99.8 and 104.2 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. WM protected kojic acid and ascorbic acid from light radiation. As the exposure time to light radiation prolonged, the stability of kojic acid and ascorbic acid was preserved. It indicated that melanin might be potentially used as an antioxidant and photo-protectant.     

军用防护服的种类及发展趋势

介绍了军用防弹衣、防核服、防生化服、伪装服的性能和特点 ,以及军用防护服的发展趋势     

乌骨鸡黑色素及其研究进展

乌骨鸡最显著的特征是其体内含有大量黑色素。乌骨鸡黑色素是一种重要的活性物质,已证明其具有消除自由基、抗氧化、抗诱变、抑制病毒、提高机体免疫力、延缓衰老等多种生理功能。本文综述了国内外对乌骨鸡黑色素的结构特征、理化性质、生理功能、合成过程、沉积分布规律、提取方法等方面的研究进展,以期为今后有关乌鸡黑色素的研究工作提供理论参考。     

毛金属丝包缠纱针织物防屏蔽性能探析

从防辐射性能及影响针织物性能的主要参数入手,通过对毛与不同直径的金属丝包缠纺纱线、不同组织结构、不同密度针织物进行屏蔽性能测试,得出由不同工艺组合形成的针织物在不同微波环境条件下防辐射性能的效果。初步分析了影响毛金属丝包缠纱针织物屏蔽效能的因素,有利于设计与开发防电磁辐射毛针织物及产品的工艺优化,达到满足人们对毛针织品时尚、功能性的需求。     

Physicochemical characterisation and antioxidant activity of melanin from the muscles of Taihe Black-bone silky fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson)

Melanin isolated from the muscles of Taihe Black-bone silky fowl (TBSF) was examined by amino acid analyzer, ICP-AES, UV–VIS absorption spectroscopy, infrared spectrometry, and elemental analyzer. The data obtained indicated that the isolated pigment contained 25% protein and many metal ions, and it was rich in Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn. This pigment mostly consisted of eumelanin. Its spectroscopic and solubility properties were very similar to those of typical melanin. In addition, the antioxidant activities of TBSF melanin were evaluated in vitro by DPPH radical-scavenging assay, superoxide-radical scavenging assay, and lipid peroxidation assay. TBSF melanin exhibited a strong antioxidant activity. This study suggested that the TBSF melanin could potentially be used as a natural antioxidant in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.     

山杏核壳黑色素提取及其金属螯合物的螯合工艺优化

本研究以废弃物山杏核壳为原料,采用单因素及响应面试验法优化黑色素的提取工艺参数并对得到的黑色素进行了紫外-可见吸收光谱、红外吸收光谱及扫描电镜等结构鉴定,之后以提取的黑色素与Fe3+、Cu2+、Zn2+三种金属离子的螯合效果为指标,采用单因素实验优化了黑色素与三种金属离子的螯合工艺,并对得到的螯合物进行了紫外-可见吸收光谱、红外吸收光谱、扫描电镜及能谱扫描等结构鉴定,以期为其作为功能食品的进一步开发利用提供理论依据。结果表明:实验选取的各因素对山杏核壳黑色素得率的影响大小顺序为:超声提取时间、碱浓度、pH、料液比。响应面得到提取的最佳工艺为:料液比1:10 g/mL,氢氧化钠浓度1.5 mol/L,酸沉pH为1,超声时间35 min,此条件下得率为4.78%±0.23%。黑色素铁螯合物的最佳螯合工艺为铁离子浓度5 mmol/L,pH5.5,反应8 h;黑色素铜螯合物的最佳螯合工艺为铜离子浓度4 mmol/L,pH7.5,反应6 h;黑色素锌螯合物的最佳螯合工艺为锌离子浓度3 mmol/L,pH7.5,反应4 h。相同条件下,黑色素铁螯合物的螯合率最大,达63.86%。紫外和红外结果表明黑色素主要通过氨基、羰基或羧基与金属离子螯合,扫描电镜及能谱结果表明了三种金属螯合物的成功制备。本研究为开发功能食品添加剂及金属元素补充剂提供了理论依据,具有广泛的实用价值和市场前景。