超细鲜骨粉在西式肠类制品中的应用研究

分析了超细鲜骨粉的营养价值及其粒度,并以超细鲜骨粉(骨粒粒度≤100μm)作为钙源,按0.5%、1%和2%添加到四种西式肠类制品中,对产品进行感官评定分析.结果表明添加2%的超细鲜骨粉(骨粒粒度≤100μm)对产品的各项感官指标无影响;同时产品的钙含量增加了151mg/100g.     

平凉红牛超细鲜骨粉制备关键工艺研究

为探索平凉红牛超细鲜骨粉制备的关键工艺,采用L9(34)正交试验法以骨粒细度为评价指标研究红牛超细鲜骨粉生产的最适工艺条件。鲜红牛骨经清洗去杂、低温冷冻、初级粉碎、高温蒸煮除脂等工艺预处理后,胶体磨细化是超细化的关键环节,影响红牛骨超细化生产的主次因素依次为磨齿间隙、胶磨次数、初碎粒度、高压时间;最适工艺条件为磨齿间隙为5μm、胶磨次数3次、初级粒度5 cm、90 min高温蒸煮,可得到粒度为15.0μm红牛超细鲜骨粉。结果表明:红牛骨经超细化得到15.0μm的鲜骨粉的含钙量可达12 577.15 mg/100 g,含磷量为5 051.3 mg/100 g,蛋白质和脂肪的含量分别为10.4%和6.7%,都达到了较高的水平,极具开发利用价值。     

超微细鲜骨粉生物学功能的研究

本文就超微细鲜骨粉中钙的吸收利用状况、骨粒大小对钙吸收的影响,以及提高钙吸收率的方法进行了一系列的探讨。结果表明,超微细鲜骨粉是一种良好的钙源,骨粉骨粒粒度大小影响钙的吸收利用, CPP能够促进超微细鲜骨粉中钙的吸收。     

鲜骨超细粉碎技术研究

本课题利用强力破骨机、骨泥磨和超微粉碎机设备以及脱脂和热风干燥加工方法,得到低脂肪、高蛋白、高钙元素的超细鲜骨粉。超细鲜骨粉的粒度为D50=24.52μm。作为食品营养添加剂可应用于肉制品、糕点、调味品等食品中。在畜禽骨的综合利用方面又多了一条实用而可靠的途径,特别是通过调整工艺路线、采用粉碎、脱脂、干燥和超细粉碎相结合的加工方法,在节能降耗方面,作出了一些努力。     

骨粉粒度的研究

骨粉是一种优良的食吕钙源，在食品中地，其颗粒粒度备受人关注。本试验用酶解法提取骨粒，分析骨粉质量粒度分布规律，并观察骨粉的形态学特征，从而研究骨粉粒度与人体营养吸收、食品特性的关系，为骨粉在食品中应用提供理论上的科学依据。     

蛋壳粉咀嚼片的研制与溶解性研究

以蛋壳粉和麦芽糊精为主料,添加辅料糖(葡萄糖和白砂糖质量比1︰2)、柠檬酸、硬脂酸镁和VC制备蛋壳粉咀嚼片。通过正交试验进行配方优化,并采用EDTA法比较4种粒度(≤25μm,≤48μm,≤75μm和≤150μm)蛋壳粉在模拟胃环境中的溶解性,确定适合人体吸收的粒度,研制一种补钙咀嚼片。结果表明,蛋壳粉与麦芽糊精比例1︰1,混合糖和柠檬酸分别为蛋壳粉和麦芽糊精预混料总质量的30%和1.25%时,蛋壳粉咀嚼片口感最佳,其硬度为175.6 N。超微蛋壳粉咀嚼片(粒度≤25μm)在胃环境中溶解性最好,溶解度为88.5%,溶解钙为7.65%。     

钙营养强化火腿肠的研制

本文利用超细粉碎技术制得的超细鲜骨粉作为钙营养强化剂,以高温火腿肠作为钙营养强化载体,制得钙营养强化火腿肠。钙含量由原来的8.7mg/100g增加到165.4mg/100g,有效增加了火腿肠钙的含量。     

超细鲜骨粉火腿肠改善大鼠骨质疏松效果的研究

将50只低钙模型大鼠分为5组,其中3组添加含15%超细鲜骨粉火腿肠的饲料,另设低钙模型组和活性钙对照组,饲料钙含量分别为250mg/100g、500mg/100g、1000mg/100g、47.9mg/100g和500mg/100g.饲喂135d,比较高钙火腿肠和活性钙的生物利用率.结果表明,高钙火腿肠组大鼠的骨钙含量、骨钙素和骨密度(Bone Mineral Density BMD)及胫骨骨小梁数均显著高于活性钙制剂组(P<0.01),说明高钙火腿肠优于活性钙制剂(CaCO3),是一种优质钙强化食品.     

普通骨粉和超细骨粉改善骨密度功能比较

比较营养高钙冲剂与营养高钙冲剂(超细骨粉)对大鼠骨密度和钙吸收率的影响。SPF级4周龄雌性SD大鼠96只,随机分为10组,即两种受试物低、中、高剂量组,相应剂量碳酸钙对照组(低、中、高剂量组饲料钙含量分别为216.7、283.3 mg/100 g和550.0 mg/100 g),以及低钙对照组(饲料钙含量为150 mg/100 g)。喂养13周,测钙表观吸收率、骨钙含量和骨密度。营养高钙冲剂中剂量组钙表观吸收率低于相应的碳酸钙组(P0.05)。各受试物组股骨钙含量均高于低钙对照组,且与碳酸钙组相比差异无显著性(P0.05)。营养高钙冲剂低、中剂量组和"超细骨粉"低剂量组股骨中点骨密度、营养高钙冲剂低剂量组近心端骨密度均低于相应的碳酸钙组(P0.05)。"超细骨粉"低剂量组钙表观吸收率高于营养高钙冲剂组(P0.05);"超细骨粉"中剂量组近心端骨密度亦高于营养高钙冲剂组(P0.05)。营养高钙冲剂(超细骨粉)具有增加骨密度的作用,不能判定营养高钙冲剂具有增加骨密度的作用。营养高钙冲剂(超细骨粉)在增加骨密度功能方面优于营养高钙冲剂。     

益生元及促生因子促使鼠李糖乳杆菌对牛骨钙的转化作用

以牛骨为钙源,通过添加益生元及促生因子促进鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵牛骨粉,提高骨钙转化率。单因素试验筛选出益生元、促生因子及其添加量,并在此基础上采用响应面试验,以钙转化率为特征性指标,优化鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵牛骨粉的工艺条件。结果表明:对钙转化率影响较大的因素为益生元,氨基酸次之,维生素影响最小。鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵牛骨粉促钙转化的益生元和促生因子最优组合为:m(烟酸)∶m(VB2)=3.80∶1、m(精氨酸)∶m(蛋氨酸)=2.82∶1、m(葡萄糖)∶m(低聚异麦芽糖)=1.82∶1;接种量3%,发酵时间72 h,发酵温度37℃,转速100 r/min下振荡培养,在此条件下钙转化率为28.32%。     

鱼骨粉粒径对鱼骨粉-鱼蛋白酶解物混合物中钙生物利用率的影响

以采肉剩余的鲢鱼中骨酶解制得的蛋白肽和鱼骨粉为原料制备鱼骨粉-鱼蛋白酶解物混合物,以Wistar雄性大鼠为动物实验模型,用钙表观吸收率、钙存留率、股骨生物力学指标和骨密度等指标检测鱼骨粉粒径对鱼骨粉-鱼蛋白酶解物混合物中钙生物利用率的影响。结果表明：在相同钙摄入量下饲喂不同粒径鱼骨粉-鱼蛋白酶解物混合物的大鼠其体质量、肝体比、脾体比、肾体比无明显差异（P＞0.05）,但其钙表观吸收率、钙存留率、大鼠股骨生物力学性质、骨密度等指标有显著差异（P＜0.05）。添加小粒径鱼骨粉（d≤74 μm）的鱼骨粉-鱼蛋白酶解物混合物各项评价指标均显著高于其他实验组和碳酸钙对照组及低钙对照组,其钙表观吸收率为（47.84±3.90）%,钙存留率为（44.94±3.01）%,骨钙含量为（24.18±0.01）%,能量吸收为（7.52±0.48）kg·mm,其钙生物利用率最高。     

Multiresidue analysis of PCB, organochlorine pesticides and chlordanes in marine products by GC-micro ECD

A multiresidue method using dual-injection, dual-column, and dual-micro electron capture detection gas chromatography (dual-column GC-μECD) was developed for the determination of PCB, organochlorine pesticides and chlordanes in marine products. The sample was extracted with hexane-acetone (2 : 1), and the extract was cleaned up by gel permeation chromatography(GPC)/solid-phase extraction (SPE). The GPC fraction was selectively collected, and loaded directly onto a graphitized carbon/PSA 2-layered column. After fractionation by 4% hydrated silica-gel column chromatography, each fraction was determined by dual-column GC-μECD. Recoveries of PCB, organochlorine pesticides and chlordanes were in the ranges of 84-109% (RSD ≤ 21.6%), 74-117% (RSD ≤ 14.6%) and 69-114% (RSD ≤ 12.9%), respectively. This method is superior to single chromatography for the determination of total PCB, and should be useful for monitoring of these pollutants in marine products.     

斑点叉尾鮰鱼骨脱脂及其制备CMC 活性钙的工艺优化

以斑点叉尾鮰鱼骨为实验材料,对脱脂鮰鱼骨粉制备工艺,脱脂骨粉在不同的温度、时间、柠檬酸和苹果酸的酸比例、酸质量浓度、骨粉粒度条件下转化成活性钙的效果进行研究。结果表明,鮰鱼骨脱脂的最佳工艺方案为5g/100mL NaOH 溶液浸泡6h,脱脂后的鱼骨粉总钙含量为30.38%。实验采用柠檬酸和苹果酸活化脱脂鮰鱼骨粉制取CMC 活性钙,其最佳工艺条件为柠檬酸和苹果酸的比例1:2、酸质量浓度15g/100mL、骨粉粒度120目、温度100℃、提取时间60min。此时,钙提取率可达87.13%。     

Production characteristics of uniform large soybean oil droplets by microchannel emulsification using asymmetric through-holes

The aim of this study was to investigate the production characteristics of large soybean oil droplets dispersed in an aqueous solution containing an emulsifier using newly designed microchannel emulsification (MCE) chips. The silicon MCE chips consisted of numerous asymmetric through holes with a characteristic cross-sectional size of 20 μm to 50 μm, each consisting of a microslot and a circular microchannel (MC). MCE using such chips enabled the stable production of uniform large droplets with average diameters of 75 μm and 179 μm respectively, and a coefficient of variation below 2%. The detachment behavior of the large droplets generated from the asymmetric through holes was analyzed and discussed based on results obtained by real-time optical microscopy. The size of droplets smaller than 100 μm was independent of the flow rate of the cross-flowing continuous phase (Qc) applied in this study. In contrast, the size of droplets larger than 100 μm became sensitive to Qc in its range over a critical value. Large droplets with a very narrow size distribution were obtained at dispersed phase fluxes (Jd) of 50 L m-2 h-1 or less, whereas their average diameters were somewhat dependent on Jd.     

高效液相色谱-原子荧光法测定水产品中甲基汞含量

建立水产品中甲基汞含量的高效液相色谱-原子荧光测定方法。样品经硫脲加氯化钾、盐酸溶液提取,提取液过固相萃取小柱净化,用流动相定容,过0.45μm微孔滤膜,采用高效液相色谱-原子荧光法检测,外标法定量。结果表明,甲基汞在2～50μg/L质量浓度范围内,色谱峰面积与甲基汞质量浓度之间线性关系良好(相关系数为0.9995),以20、200、1000μg/kg 三个添加量在空白样品中添加甲基汞,样品平均回收率为80.2%～87.1%,相对标准偏差为3.4%～6.8%,方法的定量限为20μg/kg。该方法简便快速,基体干扰小,精密度、准确性均能满足水产品中甲基汞分析。     

Cold-set whey protein microgels for the stable immobilization of lipids

Novel sub-millimeter cold-set whey protein isolate (WPI) microgels for the stable immobilization of lipids were prepared by an emulsification/internal gelation technique. Microgels were prepared by the addition of a denatured WPI/lipid primary emulsion (containing a micronized calcium source) into an oil bath with gentle stirring, into which an oil soluble acid was added to liberate calcium and initiate gelling of the whey-based matrices. The efficiency of these matrices to entrap lipids was assessed by comparing to extrusion/externally gelled matrices, where the production process is potentially less destructive, but microgels under 1 mm in diameter are difficult to achieve. The micron-sized (below 100 μm in diameter) internally gelled matrices produced by an optimized process, successfully immobilized incorporated lipids, with greater than 93% retention of lipids, regardless of the investigated manufacturing conditions. Migration of exterior oil, during the O/W/O production process, into the microgels was also avoided. Examination of the micro-structure by scanning electron microscopy revealed voids uniformly distributed throughout the matrix, representative in size (under 0.4 μm) of the original primary emulsion lipid droplets. The study shows relevant feasibility for the stable inclusion of a wide range of sensitive lipophilic bioactive ingredients into these matrices, where the sub-millimeter size of the microgels represents potential for incorporation into a variety of food systems.     

超细粉碎盐焗鸡骨泥流变学特性的研究

采用R/S+型数字流变仪对不同温度(10、25、40、55、70、85℃)下不同粒径水平(A1、A2、A3、A4平均粒径分别为51.722、62.276、70.654、81.675μm)的超细粉碎盐焗鸡骨泥的流变特性进行研究。结果表明,鸡骨泥为非牛顿流体,典型的剪切变稀,具有屈服应力。A1、A2、A3、A4四种鸡骨泥分布中随着大颗粒的逐渐增多,平均粒径的增大,鸡骨泥粘度下降,触变性先减弱(A1～A2)后趋于平缓(A2～A4),屈服应力先增大(A1～A2)后减小(A2～A4);随着温度的升高,鸡骨泥粘度和屈服应力下降,触变性无显著变化。     

醇类溶剂对电子烟雾化气溶胶粒径分布的影响

为了解烟油的溶剂组成对电子烟气溶胶粒径分布的影响规律,采用电子低压冲击仪（ELPI）分别测试了乙醇、正丙醇、正丁醇、乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、丙三醇、1,2,4-丁三醇、PEG200、PEG400等常见醇类溶剂在相同雾化条件下的烟雾颗粒粒径分布,并在此基础上研究了烟油中1,2-丙二醇和丙三醇的配比对电子烟雾化气溶胶粒径分布的影响。结果表明,1）当醇类溶剂的羟基数目小于3时,溶剂雾化气溶胶粒径分布曲线是单峰,颗粒数浓度峰值在0.02~0.05 μm范围内,且正丁醇>正丙醇≥乙醇;1,4-丁二醇 > 1,2-丙二醇 > 乙二醇。2）丙三醇和1,2,4-丁三醇雾化气溶胶粒径分布曲线呈双峰分布;分别位于0.02~0.05 μm和0.1~1 μm范围。3） PEG200、PEG400雾化气溶胶粒径分布曲线呈双峰分布,分别位于0.05~0.1 μm和0.1~1 μm范围内。4）碳链长度相同时,羟基数目从1增加到3,雾化气溶胶大颗粒数增多。5）随着烟油中1,2-丙二醇比例降低（丙三醇比例增加）,雾化气溶胶的大颗粒有增多趋势,雾化气溶胶的每口粒子数浓度降低。      

The effects of particle size on the physicochemical properties of optimized astaxanthin-rich Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous-loaded microparticles

To improve the entrapment efficiency (EE) of astaxanthin-rich Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (ASX)-loaded calcium alginate gel (ASX-CAG) microparticles, we used a response surface methodology to optimize preparation conditions including the ratio of ASX to total material (X₁), alginate concentration (X₂), and CaCl₂ concentration (X₃). The EE and the mean size of the ASX-CAG microparticles were 76.7 g/100 g and 210.26 μm, respectively, after preparation under optimal conditions: 24 g ASX/100 g total material, 1.0 g/100 g alginate, and 200 mmol/L CaCl₂. The effects of particle size on different characteristics were evaluated with increasing microparticle size; an increase in microparticle size significantly increased EE and the antioxidant activity of ASX, but resulted in a decrease in the release of entrapped ASX. Most importantly, the lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity of encapsulated ASX (55.1%) was significantly higher and longer-lasting than that of non-encapsulated ASX (40.5%) after 36 h of storage as determined using the thiobarbituric acid method.     

Microscopical studies of the tissue structure of konjac tubers

The tissue structures of 2-year-old konjac tubers were investigated using a variable pressure scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer and an optical microscope. Konjac mannan (KM) cells are distributed all over the tuber and the spaces between the KM cells are filled with parenchyma. The KM cells are covered with scale-like cell walls and the size of the cells varies from 160 to 650 μm. Other kinds of particles with different sizes are observed in the honeycombed cells around the KM cells. The small grains relate to protein granules and the spherical particles (~12 μm in diameter), which are composed of small granules (1–3 μm in diameter), are starch. The tuber also contains potassium and calcium in the parenchyma. Most calcium is found in the needle-like crystals in the form of calcium oxalate. Such crystals are also found in 1 year and seed tubers.