2018—2021年广州市白云区网络外卖食品微生物污染状况监测分析

目的 了解广东省广州市白云区网络外卖食品安全风险,为完善广州市外卖食品安全保障体系提供科学依据。方法 2018—2021年在广州市白云区采集174份网络外卖食品,依据《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验》（GB 4789）对样品中菌落总数、大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、副溶血性弧菌进行培养和鉴定。结果 2018—2021年监测样品总体不合格率为20.1%(35/174),其中菌落总数和大肠埃希菌不合格率较高,不同年度的不合格率及不同类别食品的不合格率差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。单因素分析发现不同室外湿度、不同食品中心温度样品的合格率组间差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析发现,食物中心温度越高（OR=0.917,95%CI:0.876～0.960）,食品不合格率越低;对不同品种的外卖食品进行组间比较发现,以米饭加菜类为参照组,凉拌菜类（OR=0.010,95%CI:0.001～0.159）、寿司手卷类（OR=0.041,95%CI:0.002～0.771）的不合格率更低（P<0.05）。结论...     

2018年云南省外卖餐饮的微生物污染状况调查

目的 了解云南省外卖食品的微生物污染情况。方法 2018年从云南省8个地州市, 以随机采样的方式, 在饭店/酒店、快餐店、小吃店、便利店/零售店、网店共采集176件外卖餐饮样品, 共计6类食品, 按照GB 4789《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验》的相关方法对7项微生物指标进行检测。结果 176份样品中有98份卫生学指标检测结果不合格, 不合格率55.68%, 其中菌落总数不合格率为39.20%, 大肠埃希氏菌计数不合格率16.48%; 有11份食源性致病菌指标检测结果不合格, 不合格率为6.25%, 其中单增李斯特菌的检出率最高, 为3.41%, 沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的检出率为1.14%, 蜡样芽胞杆菌不合格率为0.57%, 致泻大肠埃希氏菌未有检出; 8个地州市中以普洱市、文山州、红河州、版纳州卫生学指标不合格率高, 文山州与曲靖市的食源性致病菌指标不合格率高; 6类外卖餐饮中, 米面制品和中式凉拌菜不合格率最高; 流通环节样品食源性致病菌指标不合格率高(7.80%), 与服务环节样品(0.00%)存在显著性差异(P＜0.05); 第三季度采集的样品不合格率最高, 其次为第二季度; 5种采样地点类型中, 网店的食源性致病菌指标不合格率最高(7.91%), 与其他4种类型的不合格率(0.00%)有显著性差异(P＜0.05)。结论 云南省外卖餐饮整体卫生状况不容乐观, 有引发食物中毒的风险, 应引起食品安全监管部门的高度重视, 及时制定与完善外卖食品的相关安全标准, 加强外卖食品的监督检查和监测, 努力实现线上线下一体化多元监管。     

2017年广州市网络订餐餐饮食品卫生情况调查

目的 了解广州市网络订餐餐饮食品的卫生状态, 排查风险隐患。方法 通过网络订餐服务平台, 对广州6个中心城区近年网络订餐消费量大、人气高的网络订餐餐饮服务单位进行抽样, 依据DBS 44/006-2016《非预包装即食食品微生物限量》标准进行检验和判定。结果 抽检5大类500份样品, 合格451份, 总体合格率为90.20%, 不合格项目主要是菌落总数和大肠埃希氏菌2个卫生指标菌。500份样品中共检出14株食源性致病菌, 其中金黄色葡萄球菌检出9株, 蜡样芽胞杆菌检出5株, 沙门氏菌、副溶血性弧菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157均未检出。连锁餐饮服务单位的合格率较高, 非连锁餐饮服务单位的小型餐饮合格率最低。结论 广州市网络订餐餐饮食品总体卫生情况主要体现在卫生指标菌不合格, 食源性致病菌符合标准。熟肉制品、米面及其制品(米饭、米粉、肠粉、面条、粥、饺子等)、熟制凉拌菜与寿司等这3类食品比较容易受到微生物污染, 需引起监管重视。     

2018年云南省臭豆腐微生物污染监测结果分析

目的 了解和分析云南省臭豆腐微生物污染状况及存在的风险隐患。方法 在云南省内从农贸市场、零售及餐饮等环节,采集生、熟臭豆腐样本384件,对大肠埃希氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、沙门氏菌、变形杆菌等微生物指标进行监测分析。结果 样品微生物污染阳性检出率为49.74%(191/384),食源性致病菌阳性样品检出率为28.13%(108/384),其中沙门氏菌不合格率0.52%(2/384)、金黄色葡萄球菌不合格率0.26%(1/384)、蜡样芽胞杆菌检不合格率1.30%(5/384)、变形杆菌检出率21.88%(84/384)。生、熟臭豆腐微生物污染阳性检出率存在显著差异(P<0.05)。结论 云南省臭豆腐存在较高的微生物污染,相关部门应加强监管,加快制订相应食品安全标准,以预防和控制食源性疾病的发生。     

2013~2014年新乡市食品微生物污染状况分析

摘要：目的了解新乡市食品的微生物污染状况,分析市售食品微生物污染的影响因素,为新乡市食品安全监管提供参考依据。方法抽取新乡市内红旗区、卫滨区、新乡县等七个区县的389份10类食品为研究对象,采样地点包括超市、快餐店、学校食堂、公共场所、路边摊位、固定摊位等,按照GB4789-2010食品微生物学检验国家标准的要求进行3项卫生指标菌和9项致病菌进行检测。结果检测的389份样品中,共检出11株致病菌,其中铜绿假单胞菌检出率最高,为23.5％（8/34）。卫生指标总体不合格率为27.8％,其中2014年不合格率为47.1％,高于2013年的17.1％,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。不同的食品类别及包装类型食品存在显著性差异,调味品（60.0%）、饮料（52.5%）和餐饮食品（40.9%）不合格率较高。散装食品的不合格率（36.7%）高于定型包装食品（16.7%）（P<0.05）。结论 2014年抽查食品的不合格率高于2013年,卫生指示菌-菌落总数的不合格率最高,即食品受到菌落污染的样品数较多。散装食品的微生物不合格率高于定型包装。     

2016—2020年温州市学生餐微生物污染状况监测分析

目的 了解近5年温州市幼儿园及中小学食堂自制的学生餐微生物污染状况,为进一步保障学生餐安全提供依据。方法 对2016—2020年温州市各县(市、区)采集的学生餐样品中的卫生指标菌(菌落总数及大肠埃希菌)和常见食源性致病菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、沙门菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌)进行检测,并用SPSS 18.0对测定结果进行统计学分析。结果2016年学生餐微生物污染状况较为严重,样品不合格率达23.58%,此后4年学生餐样品不合格率依次为6.27%、6.80%、9.06%、3.82%,5年来温州市学生餐样品不合格率总体呈逐年下降趋势(χ²=60.852,P<0.001)。主要表现为卫生指标菌中的大肠埃希菌污染严重,5年来不合格率依次为9.43%、5.64%、6.47%、6.41%、1.91%,呈逐年下降趋势(χ²=5.225,P=0.022);除2016年金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌的检出率(7.35%和9.91%)较高外,其余各年食源性致病菌的不合格率均处于较低水平。从学校类型来看,2016—2020年温州市幼儿园、小学和中学学生餐样品不...     

广州市蔬菜类凉拌菜中微生物污染状况调查及大肠埃希氏菌耐药现象研究

;目的 了解广州市蔬菜类凉拌菜的微生物污染状况及大肠埃希氏菌耐药情况,为食源性疾病的预防和控制提供科学依据。方法：从广州市的超市、集贸摊点采集300份凉拌菜,依据GB 4789-2016进行微生物检验,用VETIK 对检出的大肠埃希氏菌进行药敏试验,PCR法检测致泻性大肠埃希氏菌毒力基因。结果：300份样品中大肠菌群检出率为41.7%,大肠埃希氏菌检出率为6.7%,金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为2.0%,未检出沙门氏菌。药敏结果显示大肠埃希氏菌对头孢唑啉的抗性最高(40.0%)、其次为氨苄西林(30.0%),对其它受试抗生素不具有耐药性,且无多重耐药菌株。20株大肠埃希氏菌中检出3株致泻大肠埃希氏菌。结论：广州地区蔬菜类凉拌菜中存在较为严重的微生物污染,食源性大肠埃希氏菌具有一定的耐药现象,应加大卫生监督力度,保障食品安全。     

北京市密云区餐饮食品中食源性致病菌监测结果分析

摘要: 目的 分析北京市密云区餐饮食品中食源性致病菌污染状况。 方法 按照《国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》要求,在密云区的餐饮单位和网络外卖配送平台随机抽取餐饮食品,进行沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单增李斯特氏菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、副溶血性弧菌、创伤弧菌、溶藻弧菌、河弧菌和致泻大肠埃希氏菌检测。结果 2018～2020年共采集餐饮食品6类210件,总检出率为8.10%（17件）。检出致病菌3种,其中单增李斯特氏菌检出率最高（7.27%）,其次是蜡样芽孢杆菌（4.55%）、致泻大肠埃希氏菌（0.83%）。在冷荤凉菜、熟制米面制品、沙拉和焙烤食品中食源性致病菌检出率分别是14.86%、11.76%、8.33%和5.0%。外卖配送平台餐饮食品检出率（11.65%）高于实体店购买餐饮食品（4.67%）。结论 密云区餐饮食品存在不同程度的致病菌污染,应对网络外卖配送平台和餐饮单位加强监管和健康宣教,采取针对性的措施,预防食源性疾病和食物中毒的发生。     

2016—2020年上海市市售即食食品微生物污染状况分析及评价

目的 了解上海市市售即食食品中微生物污染情况,及时发现食品安全隐患,为即食食品风险评估、管理和标准制定提供科学依据。方法 2016-2020 年共采集上海市即食食品20类共10 521份食品样品,对菌落总数、大肠埃希氏菌计数2种卫生指示菌和副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、致泻大肠埃希氏菌、沙门氏菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌（以下简称单增李斯特菌）6种食源性致病菌进行定量或定性检验,并分析卫生指示菌和食源性致病菌污染水平及关联性。结果 凉拌米面制品、沙拉、中式凉拌菜的指示菌污染水平较高,菌落总数均值分别为（5.13±1.43）lgCFU/g、（4.56±1.13）lgCFU/g、（4.26±1.75）lgCFU/g;大肠埃希氏菌计数分别为（1.20±1.00）lgCFU/g、（1.47±1.41）lgCFU/g、（1.18±1.06）lgCFU/g。冷锅串串、沙拉、中式凉拌菜、熟肉制品中单增李斯特菌检出率较高,分别为6.27%、3.36%、2.71%、2.69%;副溶血性弧菌仅在生食动物性水产品（3.65%）、中式凉拌菜（2.58%）、熟肉制品（0.42%）中检出;米面制品中蜡样芽孢杆菌（7.51%）显著高于寿司（0.53%）（P<0.05）。菌落总数均值与大肠埃希氏菌计数均值呈极显著正相关（P<0.001）;菌落总数均值与致病菌样品阳性率呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。结论 上海市生食食物、凉拌、夹心等最后一步加工工艺非加热的即食食品,卫生指示菌和致病菌污染水平较高,食源性致病风险较高,应重点防范。固体即食食品菌落总数计数水平与食源性致病菌污染状况存在相关性。     

中央厨房熟肉制品的卫生状况调查分析

为了解广州及周边地区中央厨房熟肉制品的卫生状况,2017年对广州、佛山、东莞、中山、惠州和台山等6个区域的21家中央厨房企业单位共调查熟肉制品70批次,分别开展菌落总数、大肠埃希氏菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌6项微生物指标的检验。结果显示,本次调查的中央厨房熟肉制品卫生状况总体情况运行良好,但仍然存在着微生物污染等风险安全隐患问题,有必要持续对中央厨房熟肉制品实行监测管控。     

2016年广东省6类食品不同微生物污染情况分析

目的 为了解广东省流通食品的微生物污染状况。方法 采用GB 4789-2010《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验》对2016年检验的6类食品进行微生物（菌落总数、大肠菌群、霉菌和酵母菌、致病菌）检验,对检验结果进行统计分析。结果 3216份样品中共检出不合格样品39份,总体合格率为98.79%。不同微生物项目的检验结果中,菌落总数的合格率相对最低,为99.19%。检验的6类食品中速冻食品、方便食品和水产制品检出不合格样品,方便食品的合格率（97.2%）相对最低。结论 广东省食品微生物污染整体状况较好,建议对微生物污染风险较高的方便食品、水产制品进行重点关注,采取有效措施降低食品微生物污染的风险。     

2016~2018年广东省膨化食品微生物污染状况分析

目的 了解广东省膨化食品受卫生指标菌(菌落总数、大肠菌群)污染状况, 为防控食源性疾病提供依据。方法 按照GB 4789.2-2016《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验菌落总数测定》、GB 4789.3-2016《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验大肠菌群计数》中的方法对广东省2016~2018年共1672批次膨化食品进行检验。结果 2016~2018年监督抽检中, 膨化食品卫生指标菌不合格率分别为2.29% (2016年)、4.08% (2017年)、6.31% (2018年), 其中不合格样品生产单位所在地市不合格率最高连续3年均为潮州市。结论 2016~2018年广东省膨化食品受微生物污染的程度有逐年加重的趋势, 尤其潮州市的生产企业, 监管部门应强化膨化食品安全监督力度, 督促落实企业主体责任, 确保食品卫生安全。     

A field study of the microbiological quality of fresh produce

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that foodborne disease outbreaks associated with fruits and vegetables increased during the past decade. This study was conducted to characterize the routes of microbial contamination in produce and to identify areas of potential contamination from production through postharvest handling. We report here the levels of bacterial indicator organisms and the prevalence of selected pathogens in produce samples collected from the southern United States. A total of 398 produce samples (leafy greens, herbs, and cantaloupe) were collected through production and the packing shed and assayed by enumerative tests for total aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, total Enterococcus, and Escherichia coli. These samples also were analyzed for Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and E. coli O157:H7. Microbiological methods were based on methods recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. For all leafy greens and herbs, geometric mean indicator levels ranged from 4.5 to 6.2 log CFU/g (aerobic plate count); less than 1 to 4.3 log CFU/g (coliforms and Enterococcus); and less than 1 to 1.5 log CFU/g (E. coli). In many cases, indicator levels remained relatively constant throughout the packing shed, particularly for mustard greens. However, for cilantro and parsley, total coliform levels increased during the packing process. For cantaloupe, microbial levels significantly increased from field through packing, with ranges of 6.4 to 7.0 log CFU/g (aerobic plate count); 2.1 to 4.3 log CFU/g (coliforms); 3.5 to 5.2 log CFU/g (Enterococcus); and less than 1 to 2.5 log CFU/g (E. coli). The prevalence of pathogens for all samples was 0, 0, and 0.7% (3 of 398) for L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella, respectively. This study demonstrates that each step from production to consumption may affect the microbial load of produce and reinforces government recommendations for ensuring a high-quality product.     

2017～2019年三亚市县冷冻饮品微生物检测结果分析

目的 分析近三年三亚市县冷冻饮品的检测结果,微生物污染是制约冷冻饮品质量安全的主要因素。方法 根据国家食品安全监督抽检和风险监测工作实施要求,从4个市县10家生产企业抽取50批冷冻饮品,按国标GB 2759-2015食品安全国家标准 冷冻饮品和制作料检测。结果 3批菌落总数超标;5批大肠菌群超标;菌落总数和大肠菌群不合格率分别是6.0%和10%,说明冷饮饮品指示菌超标问题较严重。结论 微生物污染是影响产品质量合格的主要因素,建议企业加强卫生管理,对制作过程卫生及储运条件把控,确保冷冻食品安全,建议监管部门对不合格产品继续加强监管力度,以确保食品安全。     

A preliminary evaluation of the effect of glove use by food handlers in fast food restaurants

A study was conducted to determine whether the levels of selected microorganisms differed on foods handled by gloved and bare hands at fast food restaurants. Three hundred seventy-one plain flour tortillas were purchased from fast food restaurants and analyzed for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., coliform bacteria, and heterotrophic plate count bacteria. Approximately 46% of the samples were handled by workers wearing gloves compared with 52% of samples with bare hand contact. Coliform bacteria were found in 9.6% of samples handled by gloved workers and 4.4% of samples handled by bare hands, although this difference was not statistically significant. The distribution of heterotrophic plate count bacteria, a general measure of hygiene, was also higher in samples handled by gloved workers in one restaurant chain. The presence of E. coli, Klebsiella sp., and S. aureus was detected in one, two, and eight samples, respectively, and there were no significant differences between samples handled by gloved or bare hands. Neither direct contact of the tortilla with the food preparation surface nor gender of the worker affected the level of any organism tested. The observed tendency of food workers to wear the same pair of gloves for extended periods and complacency might account for the apparent failure of gloves to reduce or prevent bacterial contamination. The results further suggest that glove use might be counterproductive because workers might wash their hands less frequently when gloved.     

Microbiological status of fresh beef cuts

Fresh beef samples (n = 1,022) obtained from two processing plants in the Midwest (July to December 2003) were analyzed for levels of microbial populations (total aerobic plate count, total coliform count, and Escherichia coli count) and for the presence or absence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella. A fresh beef cut sample was a 360-g composite of 6-g portions excised from the surface of 60 individual representative cuts in a production lot. Samples of fresh beef cuts yielded levels of 4.0 to 6.2, 1.1 to 1.8, and 0.8 to 1.0 log CFU/g for total aerobic plate count, total coliform count, and E. coli count, respectively. There did not appear to be substantial differences or obvious trends in bacterial populations on different cuts. These data may be useful in establishing a baseline or a benchmark of microbiological levels of contamination of beef cuts. Mean incidence rates of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on raw beef cuts were 0.3 and 2.2%, respectively. Of the 1,022 samples analyzed, cuts testing positive for E. coli O157:H7 included top sirloin butt (0.9%) and butt, ball tip (2.1%) and for Salmonella included short loins (3.4%), strip loins (9.6%), rib eye roll (0.8%), shoulder clod (3.4%), and clod, top blade (1.8%). These data provide evidence of noticeable incidence of pathogens on whole muscle beef and raise the importance of such contamination on product that may be mechanically tenderized. Levels of total aerobic plate count, total coliform count, and E. coli count did not (P > or = 0.05) appear to be associated with the presence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on fresh beef cuts. E. O157:H7 was exclusively isolated from cuts derived from the sirloin area of the carcass. Salmonella was exclusively isolated from cuts derived from the chuck, rib, and loin areas of the carcass. Results of this study suggest that contamination of beef cuts may be influenced by the region of the carcass from which they are derived.     

Effects of shearing and fleece cleanliness on microbiological contamination of lamb carcasses

The meat industry in Norway has developed national guidelines for Good Hygiene Practices for slaughtering and skinning, based on categorisation of animals. These include shearing sheep and lambs in the abattoirs immediately before slaughter. The aim of this study was to investigate microbiological carcass contamination associated with: (i) different shearing regimes; (ii) fleece cleanliness; and (iii) the slaughter process. In addition, the efficacy of the national guidelines in reducing microbial contamination was evaluated. A total of 280 swab samples were collected from the brisket areas (100 cm(2)) of 140 naturally contaminated lamb carcasses in a commercial abattoir. Half the samples were collected at skinning of brisket areas at the start of the slaughter-line and half of them were collected at the end of slaughter-line, just before chilling. The lambs were divided into four groups (n=35) according to the duration of the period between shearing and slaughter: (i) 0 days (shorn at the abattoir immediately before slaughter); (ii) three days; (iii) seven days; and (iv) not shorn. Mean log colony forming units (CFU) per 100 cm(2) at skinning were 5.78 and 6.95 for aerobic plate count (APC) (P<0.05), 1.65 and 2.78 for Escherichia coli (P<0.05) for shorn and unshorn lambs, respectively. For shorn lambs, divided according to the period between shearing and slaughter, the mean log CFU per 100 cm(2) were 5.45, 5.75, 6.12 (APC) and 1.77, 1.46, 1.71 (E. coli) for the 0-days, 3-days and 7-days groups, respectively (P<0.05 for the difference between 0- and 7-days groups in APC results). A four-category scale (0-3) was used for assessing fleece cleanliness before skinning. Visually clean lambs (score '0') had lower levels of APC on the carcass surfaces than those categorised as dirty (score '2-3') (P<0.05). The carcasses at the end of the slaughter-line had lower levels of APC than they had at skinning. However, the statistical significant reduction of E. coli on carcass surfaces at skinning point for shorn lambs, were impaired and no longer significantly different from the unshorn group at the end of the slaughter-line. The increased E. coli level at the end of the slaughter-line might be explained by weaknesses related to slaughter hygiene in particular suboptimal evisceration in the abattoir which was used as a basis for our trial, and thus the national guidelines concerning shearing had not the fully intended effect on reducing microbial carcass contamination.