红肉及加工肉制品与结直肠癌风险关系的研究进展

近年来我国结直肠癌的发病率和死亡率逐年上升。据研究,结直肠癌发生率的升高可能与红肉及加工肉制品消费的增长具有一定相关性,但该关联性一直存在争议。为此,本文分析了现阶段研究红肉及加工肉制品与结直肠癌相关性的方法及其局限性,并综述了与红肉及加工肉制品相关的潜在结直肠癌致病因素,为确定结直肠癌及其他癌症与红肉及加工肉制品之间的关系提供了新的思路。     

Controversy on the correlation of red and processed meat consumption with colorectal cancer risk: an Asian perspective

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between meat intake and colorectal cancer risk from an Asian, particularly Korean, perspective. A report by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) published in 2015 concluded that intake of processed and red meat increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer. We conducted an in-depth analysis of prospective, retrospective, case-control and cohort studies, systematic review articles, and IARC monograph reports, which revealed that the IARC/WHO report weighted the results of studies based in Western countries more and that the correlation between intake of processed meat products and colorectal cancer incidence in Asians is not clearly supported. Among 73 epidemiological studies, approximately 76% were conducted in Western countries, whereas only 15% of studies were conducted in Asia. Furthermore, most studies conducted in Asia showed that processed meat consumption is not related to the onset of cancer. Moreover, there have been no reports showing significant correlation between various factors that directly or indirectly affect colorectal cancer incidence, including processed meat products types, raw meat types, or cooking methods. Further epidemiological studies taking each country’s food culture into consideration are required to reliably elucidate the effects of processed meat product intake, especially on cancer incidence.     

Effect of Dietary Red Meat on Colorectal Cancer Risk—A Review

Heme iron overload has been implicated as the main cause of the increased risk of cancer due to the consumption of red meat. However, fish and shellfish, teas, and spices contain up to five times more iron than red meat. There is insufficient evidence that iron intake in dietary red meat is the primary causal factor for colorectal cancer. In addition, harmful substances produced during the preparation of red meat, including heterocyclic amines (HCAs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), N‐nitroso compounds, and acrylamide, are extrinsic factors that increase carcinogenicity. HCAs are produced during the cooking of red meat, poultry meat, and fish. PAHs may also be produced during the cooking of diverse food groups, such as dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and cereals. The average daily intake of red meat among Korean individuals is 62 g; the amount of PAHs entering the body via red meat is less than the average amount of PAHs the body is exposed to in the air. Therefore, it is difficult to conclude that dietary red meat is the main cause of colorectal cancer. Rather, there may be an intricate influence of multiple factors, including fruit and vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, smoking, overweight, obesity, and stress.     

超声波技术嫩化机理及其在肉制品中应用效果的研究进展

嫩度是评估肉制品品质的重要指标,提高嫩度有利于吸引消费者二次购买。传统物理嫩化技术虽广泛应用于肉及肉制品的嫩化加工,但在线应用差这一缺陷导致消费者接受度较低,因此推进了新兴物理嫩化技术的研究。其中,超声波作为一种高效节能、绿色环保、穿透力强的非热加工技术广泛用于肉制品的嫩化。本文综述了肉制品嫩化理论、嫩度主要影响因素以及超声波嫩化的基本原理,并从不同角度（肌纤维和结缔组织特性）阐述了超声波技术对肉制品嫩度的影响,为超声波技术在改善肉制品品质方面提供新思路和理论指导。     

高温肉制品杂环胺防控及体内代谢调控研究进展

高温肉制品因具有独特的色泽、香气及口感而备受消费者青睐。但高温肉制品在高温条件下进行加工,其中的还原糖和氨基酸等会通过自由基途径或美拉德反应生成杂环胺等有害物质。本文综述了高温肉制品中杂环胺形成途径、防控方法及其在体内代谢调控的研究进展,基于此提出在热加工过程中应合理选择加工方式、食用油脂、糖及金属阳离子、天然香辛料及抗氧化剂等;摄入体内后应通过降低杂环胺活性、抑制杂环胺活化过程、酶降低杂环胺遗传毒性、核苷酸切除修复降低杂环胺在体内代谢消化吸收率等方法减控杂环胺在体内的消化吸收,调节杂环胺在体内代谢。本文可为优化高温肉制品加工工艺,促进肉制品行业绿色发展和提高消费者健康水平提供依据。     

Physical Interventions to Manipulate Texture and Tenderness of Fresh Meat: A Review

Meat tenderness is a major eating quality attribute that ensures consumer satisfaction and repeat purchase of red meat. The variability in meat tenderness is related to several factors that are spread across the production chain (biological, on farm, processing, and consumer factors), which can lead to inconsistent tenderness in fresh red meat products. The tenderization process is dictated by physical and biochemical factors, which appear to affect the proteases involved in protein degradation and, consequently, they regulate the rate and extend of tenderization in meat. Several physical, chemical, and biochemical interventions have been investigated to improve the tenderness of meat. The present review discusses the physical interventions used to manipulate the texture of meat and their mechanism of action, optimal tenderizing conditions, and their effects on other meat quality attributes (colour stability, lipid oxidation, and water holding capacity). Attention should be paid to other quality attributes for full evaluation of the differing interventions.     

Potential applications of plant based derivatives as fat replacers,antioxidants and antimicrobials in fresh and processed meat products

Growing concern about diet and health has led to development of healthier food products. In general consumer perception towards the intake of meat and meat products is unhealthy because it may increase the risk of diseases like cardiovascular diseases, obesity and cancer, because of its high fat content (especially saturated fat) and added synthetic antioxidants and antimicrobials. Addition of plant derivatives having antioxidant components including vitamins A, C and E, minerals, polyphenols, flavanoids and terpenoids in meat products may decrease the risk of several degenerative diseases. To change consumer attitudes towards meat consumption, the meat industry is undergoing major transformations by addition of nonmeat ingredients as animal fat replacers, natural antioxidants and antimicrobials, preferably derived from plant sources.     

The World Cancer Research Fund report 2007: A challenge for the meat processing industry

One of the 10 universal guidelines for healthy nutrition in a report of the World Cancer Research Fund released at the end of 2007 is to "limit intake of red meat and avoid processed meat", as a result of the "convincing evidence" for an association with an increased risk of colorectal cancer development. In the present paper, the scientific evidence for the association between processed meats intake and colorectal cancer development is explored and the most probable hypothesis on the mechanism underlying this relationship formulated. It seems that the present state of knowledge is not well understood but relates to a combination of haem iron, oxidative stress, formation of N-nitroso compounds and related residues in the digestive tract as the causal factors. Although criticisms of the inaccurate definition of processed meats and the insufficient accounting for the large variability in composition of meat products have been expressed, it is clear that the report urges proper action by the meat and nutrition research community and the meat industry. Research items that in our view should be addressed are discussed. They include: (1) evaluating the health risks associated with processed meats intake within the context of the supply of beneficial nutrients and other nutrition associated health risks; (2) definition of the role of nitrites and nitrates in meat processing; (3) investigating the role of red and processed meats on the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds in the digestive tract; and (4) developing improved processed meats using new ingredients.     

The World Cancer Research Fund report 2007: A challenge for the meat processing industry

One of the 10 universal guidelines for healthy nutrition in a report of the World Cancer Research Fund released at the end of 2007 is to “limit intake of red meat and avoid processed meat”, as a result of the “convincing evidence” for an association with an increased risk of colorectal cancer development. In the present paper, the scientific evidence for the association between processed meats intake and colorectal cancer development is explored and the most probable hypothesis on the mechanism underlying this relationship formulated.It seems that the present state of knowledge is not well understood but relates to a combination of haem iron, oxidative stress, formation of N-nitroso compounds and related residues in the digestive tract as the causal factors. Although criticisms of the inaccurate definition of processed meats and the insufficient accounting for the large variability in composition of meat products have been expressed, it is clear that the report urges proper action by the meat and nutrition research community and the meat industry.Research items that in our view should be addressed are discussed. They include: (1) evaluating the health risks associated with processed meats intake within the context of the supply of beneficial nutrients and other nutrition associated health risks; (2) definition of the role of nitrites and nitrates in meat processing; (3) investigating the role of red and processed meats on the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds in the digestive tract; and (4) developing improved processed meats using new ingredients.     

Red meat (beef and sheep) products for an ageing population: a review

The global population is becoming older, and still, this cohort considers red meat (beef and sheep meat) as an important staple in their diet. It is understood that the requirements from these red meats will vary as a person ages, often because of associated physiological changes; nutrition and health concerns; and reduced sensorial capacities. This creates an imperative to develop red meat products that appeal and satisfy the demands of elderly people. Here, we have reviewed current literature with the aim to comprehend the elderly consumer market, their demands for nutritive and quality traits, and their requirements for safe and convenient red meat (beef and sheep) products. Based on these studies, it was apparent that these specifications may be delivered using available knowledge of intrinsic and extrinsic influences on red meat if considered within the context of elderly customers, that is, to deliver upon elderly people’s requirements for conventional red meat products which are inexpensive, of consistent and perceivable high quality, and quell any associated health concerns for the consumer.     

The role of red and processed meat in colorectal cancer development: a perspective

This paper is based on a workshop held in Oslo, Norway in November 2013, in which experts discussed how to reach consensus on the healthiness of red and processed meat. Recent nutritional recommendations include reducing intake of red and processed meat to reduce cancer risk, in particular colorectal cancer (CRC). Epidemiological and mechanistic data on associations between red and processed meat intake and CRC are inconsistent and underlying mechanisms are unclear. There is a need for further studies on differences between white and red meat, between processed and whole red meat and between different types of processed meats, as potential health risks may not be the same for all products. Better biomarkers of meat intake and of cancer occurrence and updated food composition databases are required for future studies. Modifying meat composition via animal feeding and breeding, improving meat processing by alternative methods such as adding phytochemicals and improving our diets in general are strategies that need to be followed up.     

Sustainable sheep production and consumer preference trends: Compatibilities,contradictions, and unresolved dilemmas

There are increasing concerns of society towards the consumption of animal products which have been produced and transformed in a sustainable manner. This trend influences consumer purchasing decision making, particularly in developed countries. On the other hand, in the next years, the pressure to increase the volume and efficiency of meat production will be much higher to cope with the expected unsatisfied demand. At least in part, current and future technologies could contribute to solve this challenge. However, the use of some of these innovations could have a negative effect on consumer preferences. There is no consensus in our society about this dilemma. The objective of this paper is to review the scientific evidence related to these topics and to analyze and discuss the effect of some of the extrinsic and intrinsic factors linked with the sheep industry which could affect the acceptability of lamb meat by consumers.     

感官分析在广式传统肉品研制与品控中的应用研究进展

广式传统肉品是我国粤菜的重要组成部分。广式传统肉品大多口味清淡,注重通过烹调呈现肉类天然风味。饮食全球化使广式传统肉品的加工面临升级提升需求。感官分析是生产者对食品加工品质控制、把握消费者对产品需求的市场调查等活动中一种重要且无可替代的方法。感官导向型食品生产方式已成为未来广式传统肉品提升发展的新趋势。本文综述了目前感官分析在广式传统肉品研发与品质控制中的应用研究现状,以期促进感官导向型方式在广式传统肉品工业化生产中进一步推广应用。     

Meat and cancer

An increasing literature associates high intake of meat, especially red meat and processed meat with an increased risk of cancers, especially colorectal cancer. There is evidence that this risk may not be a function of meat per se, but may reflect high-fat intake, and/or carcinogens generated through various cooking and processing methods. The cancer risk may be modulated by certain genotypes. Cancers associated with high meat consumption may be reduced by the addition of anticarcinogens in the diet, especially at the same time as meat preparation or meat consumption, or modification of food preparation methods. Meat contains potential anticarcinogens, including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Red meat, in particular, is an important source of micronutrients with anticancer properties, including selenium, vitamin B6 and B12, and vitamin D. Adjusting the balance between meat and other dietary components may be critical to protecting against potential cancer risks.     

Coffee and cancer risk,epidemiological evidence,and molecular mechanisms

Although early studies suggested that coffee consumption might increase risk of some cancers, more comprehensive epidemiological and experimental data now generally indicate either neutral or beneficial effects. In this review, we summarize the current evidence for associations between breast, prostate, colorectal, and liver cancers and the consumption of coffee, and discuss the experimental evidence for potential chemopreventive mechanisms of coffee and coffee constituents. The epidemiological evidence consistently indicates that coffee protects against liver cancer, and also point toward protective effects for risk of colorectal cancers (with relative risks of 0.50 (95% CI: 0.42–0.59) and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.75–0.92), respectively, in the most recent meta‐analyses). There seems to be no association between the overall risk of breast and prostate cancer and coffee intake. However, for subgroups such as postmenopausal breast cancers, advanced prostate cancers, and breast and prostate cancer survivors, an inverse association with coffee intake is indicated. Potential mechanisms for chemopreventive effects of coffee phytochemicals includes inhibition of oxidative stress and oxidative damage, regulation of DNA repair, phase II enzymatic activity, apoptosis, inflammation, as well as having antiproliferative, antiangiogenetic effects and antimetastatic effects. The experimental evidence for effects of coffee and coffee constituents on each of these processes is discussed.     

The science of plant-based foods: Constructing next-generation meat,fish, milk,and egg analogs

Consumers are increasingly demanding foods that are more ethical, sustainable and nutritious to improve the health of themselves and the planet. The food industry is currently undergoing a revolution, as both small and large companies pivot toward the creation of a new generation of plant-based products to meet this consumer demand. In particular, there is an emphasis on the production of plant-based foods that mimic those that omnivores are familiar with, such as meat, fish, egg, milk, and their products. The main challenge in this area is to simulate the desirable appearance, texture, flavor, mouthfeel, and functionality of these products using ingredients that are isolated entirely from botanical sources, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. The molecular, chemical, and physical properties of plant-derived ingredients are usually very different from those of animal-derived ones. It is therefore critical to understand the fundamental properties of plant-derived ingredients and how they can be assembled into structures resembling those found in animal products. This review article provides an overview of the current status of the scientific understanding of plant-based foods and highlights areas where further research is required. In particular, it focuses on the chemical, physical, and functional properties of plant-derived ingredients; the processing operations that can be used to convert these ingredients into food products; and, the science behind the formulation of vegan meat, fish, eggs, and milk alternatives.     

肉类保藏技术(十六) 肉与肉制品的水分活度

水分活度是影响肉及肉制品变质的重要因素之一,直接影响颜色、气味、口感等物理指标以及产品的储藏期。本文通过介绍水分在肉中的存在形式,阐明肉及肉制品中水分和微生物生长繁殖、油脂氧化的关系。水分活度作为肉制品质量控制标准参数之一,对企业的生产和产品的保藏有着重要的意义。     

表面增强拉曼光谱应用于肉制品中食源性致病菌快速检测的研究进展

肉制品安全一直是食品安全中备受关注的一部分,而食源性致病菌是全球公共卫生和人类健康的一大威胁因素,因此肉制品中食源性致病菌的检测是肉品行业和食品安全检测领域的热点问题。考虑到肉制品作为一种快消品,其中食源性致病菌快速检测技术的研发刻不容缓。表面增强拉曼光谱（surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,SERS）因其优异的检测特性,被许多学者应用于食品安全快速检测领域。本文简要综述SERS技术及其在肉制品食源性致病菌快速检测中的应用,并对其在食品快速检测领域的应用前景作出展望。     

植物蛋白在动物肉糜类制品中的应用现状及研究进展

植物蛋白添加到肉糜制品中，既可以缓解因肉类消费增加带来的环境保护压力，还可以满足消费者对动物福利和自身营养健康的需求。同时，还可以通过植物蛋白的加入调控肉糜制品的品质，丰富产品类型。本文对近年来相关植物蛋白原料及其在肉糜制品中的应用进行综述。首先简要介绍常见的植物蛋白原料及其功能特性，其次分别重点阐述植物蛋白的加入对肉糜制品凝胶特性、持水性、色泽、风味及营养等品质的影响，以期为植物蛋白资源在肉糜制品中的应用与品质提升提供参考。     

Meat quality evaluation by hyperspectral imaging technique: an overview

During the last two decades, a number of methods have been developed to objectively measure meat quality attributes. Hyperspectral imaging technique as one of these methods has been regarded as a smart and promising analytical tool for analyses conducted in research and industries. Recently there has been a renewed interest in using hyperspectral imaging in quality evaluation of different food products. The main inducement for developing the hyperspectral imaging system is to integrate both spectroscopy and imaging techniques in one system to make direct identification of different components and their spatial distribution in the tested product. By combining spatial and spectral details together, hyperspectral imaging has proved to be a promising technology for objective meat quality evaluation. The literature presented in this paper clearly reveals that hyperspectral imaging approaches have a huge potential for gaining rapid information about the chemical structure and related physical properties of all types of meat. In addition to its ability for effectively quantifying and characterizing quality attributes of some important visual features of meat such as color, quality grade, marbling, maturity, and texture, it is able to measure multiple chemical constituents simultaneously without monotonous sample preparation. Although this technology has not yet been sufficiently exploited in meat process and quality assessment, its potential is promising. Developing a quality evaluation system based on hyperspectral imaging technology to assess the meat quality parameters and to ensure its authentication would bring economical benefits to the meat industry by increasing consumer confidence in the quality of the meat products. This paper provides a detailed overview of the recently developed approaches and latest research efforts exerted in hyperspectral imaging technology developed for evaluating the quality of different meat products and the possibility of its widespread deployment.